8 Translation 169clinicians (Graham, Tetroe, & KT Theories Research Group, 2007). The KTA
process includes these steps:
- Identify a problem for review.
- Adapt new knowledge to the local context.
- Assess barriers to use.
- Select, tailor, and implement interventions to promote the knowledge.
- Monitor its use.
- Evaluate the outcomes.
- Ensure sustainability in practice (Canadian Institute of Health Research,
2016).
The PARIHS model, used widely in nursing, identifies essential determinants of
successful implementation of research into clinical practice. The three core ele-
ments are the nature of the evidence, the quality of the context or the environ-
ment in which the implementation will occur, and the strategies for facilitation
of the translation of evidence into practice (Kitson et al., 2008). The central role
of facilitation in evidence translation engages team members in the change and
appreciates the context in which the change occurs (Kitson & Harvey, 2016). Fa-
cilitator skill and experience range from novice to expert, with complex projects
requiring expertise in implementation methods.
Finally, the Translation Research Model (Titler, 2010; Titler & Everett, 2001),
which is built on the important diffusion of innovations work by Everett Rogers
(2003), provides a framework for selecting strategies to promote adoption
of EBPs. According to this framework, adoption of new evidence into practice is
influenced by the type and strength of the evidence, the communication or dis-
semination plan, the clinicians, and the characteristics of the organization.