(^) Ross and Quetin’s (1984) observations for E. superba in the Antarctic are similar in
kind. Mature females have a red thelycum (gonopore area), and thus are readily
distinguished from juveniles, regardless of ovary status. Ross and Quetin placed net-
caught females singly into 4 liter jars in a water bath on deck, and then watched. First-
day spawning was fairly limited, and a large fraction had clear spaces in the ovary, an
indication of recent spawning, possibly during capture. On days 2, 3, and 4 of
captivity, frequency of spawning rose, reaching about 16% per day, implying an inter-
clutch interval of 6 days (if specimens in a collection are not in phase). Indeed, at
collection some females are in each phase of the ovarian cycle, in proportions for a 6
day spawning interval. This seems fast for the prevailing temperatures of −1 to 2°C,
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