Semlitsch, R.D. (1998) Biological determination of terres-
trial buffer zones for pond-breeding salamanders.Con-
servation Biology, 12 , 1113–19.
Shulman, R.S. and Chase, J.M. (2007) Increasing isolation
reduces predator: prey species richness ratios in aquatic
food webs.Oikos, 116 , 1581–7.
Shurin, J.B. and Srivastava, D.S. (2005) New perspectives
on local and regional diversity: beyond saturation.
In Metacommunities: Spatial Dynamics and Ecological
Communities (eds M. Holyoak, M. Leibold and
R. Holt), pp. 399–417. University of Chicago Press, Chi-
cago, IL.
Simberloff, D.S. (1974) Equilibrium theory of island bioge-
ography and ecology.Annual Review of Ecology and Sys-
tematics, 5 , 161–82.
Simberloff, D.S. and Wilson, E.O. (1969) Experimental
zoogeography of islands: the colonization of empty is-
lands.Ecology, 50 , 278–96.
Slatkin, M. (1974) Competition and regional coexistence.
Ecology, 55 , 128–34.
Strong, D.R., Simberloff, D.S., Abele, L.G. and Thistle,
A.B., eds. (1984)Ecological Communities. Princeton Uni-
versity Press, Princeton, NJ.
Terborgh, J.W. and Faaborg, J. (1980) Saturation of bird
communities in the West Indies.The American Naturalist,
116 ,178–95.
Terborgh, J., Lopez, L., Nunez, P.,et al. (2001) Ecological
meltdown in predator-free forest fragments.Science, 294 ,
1923–6.
Tilman, D. (1982)Resource Competition and Community
Structure. Monographs in Population Biology. Princeton
University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Tilman, D. (1994) Competition and biodiversity in spatial-
ly structured habitats.Ecology, 75 , 2–16.
Tilman, D. (1997) Community invasibility, recruitment
limitation, and grassland biodiversity.Ecology, 78 , 81–92.
Tilman, D. (2004) Niche tradeoffs, neutrality, and commu-
nity structure: a stochastic theory of resource competi-
tion, invasion, and community assembly.Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 101 , 10854–61.
Urban, M.C. and Skelly, D.K. (2006) Evolving metacom-
munities: toward an evolutionary perspective on meta-
communities.Ecology, 87 , 1616–26.
van de Koppel, J., van der Wal, D., Bakker, J.P. and Her-
man, P.J.M. (2005) Self-organization and vegetation col-
lapse in salt-marsh ecosystems.The American Naturalist,
165 , E1–E12.
Watts, C.H. and Didham, R.K. (2006) Influences of habitat
isolation on invertebrate colonisation ofSporodanthus
ferrugineusin a mined peat bog.Restoration Ecology, 14 ,
412–19.
Werner, E.E. and Gilliam, J.F. (1984) The ontogenetic niche
and species interactions in size-structured populations.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 15 , 393–425.
Whittaker, R.H. (1972) Evolution and measurement of
species diversity.Taxon, 21 , 213–51.
Whittaker, R.J. and Ferna ́ndez-Palacios, J.M. (2007)Island
Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation, 2nd
edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Whittaker, R.J., Willis, K.J. and Field, R. (2001) Scale and
species richness: towards a general, hierarchical theory
of species diversity.Journal of Biogeography, 28 , 453–70.
Yu, D.W. and Wilson, H.B. (2001) The competition-coloni-
zation trade-off is dead: long live the competition-colo-
nization trade-off.The American Naturalist, 158 , 49–63.
Zabel, J. and Tscharntke, T. (1998) Does fragmentation of
Urticahabitats affect phytophagous and predatory in-
sects differentially?Oecologia, 116 , 419–25.Chapter 6
Bardgett, R.D., Yeates, G.W. and Anderson, J.M. (2005)
Patterns and determinants of soil biological diversity.
InBiological Diversity and Function in Soil(eds R.D. Bard-
gett, M.B. Usher and D.W. Hopkins), pp. 100–18. Cam-
bridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bengtsson, J. (1994) Temporal predictability in forest soil
communities.Journal of Animal Ecology, 63 , 653–65.
Bengtsson, J. and Berg, M.P. (2005) Variability in soil food
web structure across time and space. InDynamic Food
Webs(eds P.C. de Ruiter, V. Wolters and J.C. Moore), pp.
201–10. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Berg, B. and Matzner, E. (1997) The effect of N deposition
on the mineralization of C from plant litter and humus.
Environmental Review, 5 , 1–25.
Berg, B., Laskowski, R., Caswell, H., eds. (2005)Litter
Decomposition: a Guide to Carbon and Nutrient Turnover.
Advances in Ecological Research, vol. 38. Academic
Press, Oxford.
Berg, M.P. and Bengtsson, J. (2007) Temporal and spatial
variability in soil food web structure.Oikos, 116 , 1789–804.
Berg, M.P. and Verhoef, H.A. (1998) Ecological character-
istics of a nitrogen-saturated coniferous forest in the
Netherlands.Biology and Fertility of Soils, 26 , 258–67.
Berg, M.P., Kniese, J.P., Bedaux, J.J.M. and Verhoef, H.A.
(1998a) Dynamics and stratification of functional
groups of micro- and mesoarthropods in the organic
layer of a Scots pine forest.Biology and Fertility of Soils,
26 , 268–84.
Berg, M.P., Kniese, J.P., Zoomer, R. and Verhoef, H.A.
(1998b) Long-term decomposition of successive organic
strata in a nitrogen saturated Scots pine forest soil.
Forest Ecology and Management, 107 , 159–72.REFERENCES 215