Estes, J.A., Tinker, M.T., Williams, T.M. and Doak, D.F. (1998)
Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and
nearshore ecosystems.Science, 282 , 473–6.
FAO. (2007)The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture
2006. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, Rome.
Feng, J.F., Wang, H.L., Huang, D.W. and Li, S.P. (2006)
Alternative attractors in marine ecosystems: a compara-
tive analysis of fishing effects.Ecological Modelling, 195 ,
377–84.
Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B.,et al. (2004) Regime
shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem manage-
ment.Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics,
35 , 557–81.
France, K.E. and Duffy, J.E. (2006) Consumer diversity
mediates invasion dynamics at multiple trophic levels.
Oikos, 113 , 515–29.
Frank, K.T., Petrie, B., Choi, J.S. and Leggett, W.C. (2005)
Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosys-
tem.Science, 308 , 1621–3.
Frank, K.T., Petrie, B., Shackell, N.L. and Choi, J.S. (2006)
Reconciling differences in trophic control in mid-lati-
tude marine ecosystems.Ecology Letters, 9 , 1096–105.
Frank, K.T., Petrie, B. and Shackell, N.L. (2007) The ups
and downs of trophic control in continental shelf eco-
systems.Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22 , 236–42.
Friedlander, A.M. and DeMartini, E.E. (2002) Contrasts in
density, size, and biomass of reef fishes between the
northwestern and the main Hawaiian islands: the effects
of fishing down apex predators.Marine Ecology-Progress
Series, 230 , 253–64.
Guidetti, P. (2006) Marine reserves reestablish lost preda-
tory interactions and cause community changes in
rocky reefs.Ecological Applications, 16 , 963–76.
Haahtela, I. (1984) A hypothesis of the decline of the
bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosusL. ) in SW Finland in
1975–1981.Limnologica, 15 , 345–50.
Hairston, N.G., Smith, F.E. and Slobodkin, L.G. (1960)
Community structure, population control, and compe-
tition.The American Naturalist, 94 , 421–5.
Hairston, N.G., Ellner, S.P., Geber, M.A.,et al. (2005) Rapid
evolution and the convergence of ecological and evolu-
tionary time.Ecology Letters, 8 , 1114–27.
Halpern, B.S. and Warner, R.R. (2002) Marine reserves
have rapid and lasting effects.Ecology Letters, 5 361–6.,
Halpern, B.S., Borer, E.T., Seabloom, E.W. and Shurin, J.B.
(2005) Predator effects on herbivore and plant stability.
Ecology Letters, 8 , 189–94.
Hay, M.E. (1984) Patterns of fish and urchin grazing on
Caribbean coral reefs: are previous results typical?Ecol-
ogy Letters, 65 , 446–54.
Hay, M.E. and Taylor, P.R. (1985) Competition between
herbivorous fishes and urchins on Caribbean reefs.Oe-
cologia, 65 , 591–8.
Hays, G.C., Richardson, A.J. and Robinson, C. (2005) Cli-
mate change and marine plankton.Trends in Ecology &
Evolution, 20 , 337–44.
Hector, A. and Hooper, R. (2002) Ecology: Darwin and the
first ecological experiment.Science, 295 , 639–40.
Hilborn, R., Branch, T.A., Ernst, B.,et al. (2003a) State of
the world’s fisheries.Annual Review of Environment and
Resources, 28 , 359–99.
Hilborn, R., Quinn, T.P., Schindler, D.E. and Rogers, D.E.
(2003b) Biocomplexity and fisheries sustainability.Pro-
ceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United
States of America, 100 , 6564–8.
Hillebrand, H. and Cardinale, B.J. (2004) Consumer effects
decline with prey diversity.Ecology Letters, 7 , 192–201.
Hixon, M.A. and Carr, M.H. (1997) Synergistic predation,
density dependence, and population regulation in ma-
rine fish.Science, 277 , 946–9.
Hobbs, R.J., Arico, S., Aronson, J.,et al. (2006) Novel eco-
systems: theoretical and management aspects of the
new ecological world order.Global Ecology and Biogeog-
raphy, 15 , 1–7.
Hsieh, C.H., Reiss, C.S., Hunter, J.R.,et al. (2006) Fishing
elevates variability in the abundance of exploited spe-
cies.Nature, 443 , 859–62.
Hughes, T.P. (1994) Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-
scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef.Science, 265 ,
1547–51.
Hunt, G.L. and McKinnell, S. (2006) Interplay between
top-down, bottom-up, and wasp-waist control in ma-
rine ecosystems.Progress in Oceanography, 68 , 115–24.
Hutchings, J.A. and Baum, J.K. (2005) Measuring marine
fish biodiversity: temporal changes in abundance, life
history and demography.Philosophical Transactions of the
RoyalSociety B-Biological Sciences, 360 , 315–38.
Hutchings, J.A. and Reynolds, J.D. (2004) Marine fish
population collapses: consequences for recovery and
extinction risk.BioScience, 54 , 297–309.
Jackson, J.B.C., Kirby, M.X., Berger, W.H.,et al. (2001)
Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal
ecosystems.Science, 293 , 629–38.
Jennings, S. and Kaiser, M.J. (1998) The effects of fishing on
marine ecosystems.Advances in Marine Biology, 34 , 201–352.
Jennings, S., Reynolds, J.D. and Mills, S.C. (1998) Life
history correlates of responses to fisheries exploitation.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series
B-Biological Sciences, 265 , 333–9.
Jennings, S., Greenstreet, S.P.R. and Reynolds, J.D. (1999a)
Structural change in an exploited fish community: a
222 REFERENCES