Smith, R.K., Jenning, N.V., Robinson, A. and Harris, S.
(2004) Conservation of European hares (Lepus europaeus)
in Britain: is increasing heterogeneity in farmland the
answer?Journal of Applied Ecology, 41 , 1092–102.
Smith, T.J. and Odum, W.E. (1983) The effects of grazing
by snow geese on coastal salt marshes.Ecology, 62 , 98–
106.
Stahl, J. (2001) Limits to the co-occurrence of avian herbi-
vores: how geese share scarce resources. PhD Thesis,
University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
Stahl, J., Bos, D. and Loonen, M.J.J.E. (2002) Foraging
along a salinity gradient: the effect of tidal inundation
on site choice by Dark-bellied Brent GeeseBranta berni-
claand Barnacle GeeseB. leucopsis.Ardea, 90 , 201–12.
Stahl, J., van der Graaf, A.J., Drent, R.H. and Bakker, J.P.
(2006) Subtle interplay of competition and facilitation
among small herbivores in coastal grasslands.Function-
al Ecology, 20 , 908–15.
Thyen, S. (2005) Reproduction of coastal breeding birds in
the Wadden Sea: variation, influencing factors and
monitoring. PhD Thesis, University of Oldenburg, Ger-
many.
Thyen, S. and Exo, K.M. (2003) Sukzession der Salzrasen
an der niedersa ̈chsischen Ku ̈ste: Chance oder Risiko fu ̈r
Brutvo ̈gel der Außengroden. Vogelkundliche Berichte
Niedersachsen, 35 , 173–8.
Thyen, S. and Exo, K.M. (2005) Interactive effects of time
and vegetation on reproduction of redshanks (Tringa
totanus) breeding in Wadden Sea salt marshes.Journal
of Ornithology, 146 , 215–25.
van de Koppel, J., Huisman, J., van der Wal, R. and Olff, H.
(1996) Patterns of herbivory along a productivity gradi-
ent: An empirical and theoretical investigation.Ecology,
77 , 736–45.
van der Graaf, A.J., Stahl, J. and Bakker, J.P. (2005) Com-
pensatory growth of Festuca rubra after grazing: can
migratory herbivores increase their own harvest during
staging?Functional Ecology, 19 , 961–70.
van der Graaf, A.J.,Coehoorn, P. and Stahl, J. (2006) Sward
height and bite size affect the functional response of
Branta leucopsis.Journal of Ornithology, 147 , 479–84.
van der Wal, R., Kunst, P. and Drent, R.H. (1998) Interac-
tions between hare and Brent Goose in a salt marsh
system: evidence for food competition?Oecologia, 117 ,
227–34.
van der Wal, R., van Lieshout, S., Bos, D. and Drent,
R.H. (2000a) Are spring staging Brent Geese evicted by
vegetationsuccession?Ecography, 23 , 60–9.
van der Wal, R., Egas, M., van der Veen, A. and Bakker,
J.P. (2000b) Effects of resource competition on plant
performance along a natural productivity gradient.
Journal of Ecology, 88 , 317–30.
van der Wal, R., van Wieren, S., van Wijnen, H.,et al.
(2000c) On facilitation between herbivores: how Brent
Geese profit from Brown Hares.Ecology, 81 , 969–80.
van Dijk, A.J. and Bakker, J.P. (1980) Beweiding en broed-
vogels op de Oosterkwelder van Schiermonnikoog.
Waddenbulletin, 15 , 134–40.
van Wijnen, H.J. and Bakker, J.P. (1997) Nitrogen accumu-
lation and plant species replacement in three salt-marsh
systems in the Wadden Sea.Journal of Coastal Conserva-
tion, 3 , 19–26.
van Wijnen, H.J., Bakker, J.P. and de Vries, Y. (1997)
Twenty years of salt marsh succession on a Dutch coast-
al barrier island.Journal of Coastal Conservation, 3 , 9–18.Chapter 11
Abrams, P.A. (1995) Implications of dynamically variable
traits for identifying, classifying, and measuring direct
and indirect effects in ecological communities.The
American Naturalist, 146 , 112–34.
Agrawal, A.A., Ackerly, D.D., Adler, E.,et al. (2007)
Filling key gaps in population and community ecology.
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 5 , 145–52.
Antonovics, J. (1978) The population genetics of species
mixtures. InPlant Relations in Pastures(ed. J.R. Wilson),
pp. 223–52. CSIRO, East Melbourne.
Baker, H.G. (1965) Characteristics and modes of origin of
weeds. InThe Genetics of Colonizing Species(eds H.G.
Baker and G.L. Stebbins), pp. 147–69. Academic Press,
New York, NY.
Barrett, R.D.H., MacLean, R.C. and Bell, G. (2005) Experi-
mental evolution ofPseudomonas fluorescensin simple
and complex environments.The American Naturalist,
166 , 470–80.
Bell, G. (1991) The ecology and genetics of fitness inChla-
mydomonas. 3. Genotype-by-environment interaction
within strains.Evolution, 45 , 668–79.
Bolker, B., Holyoak, M., Krivan, V.,et al. (2003) Connecting
theoretical and empirical studies of trait-mediated inter-
actions.Ecology, 84 , 1101–14.
Booth, R.E. and Grime, J.P. (2003) Effects of genetic im-
poverishment on plant community diversity.Journal of
Ecology, 91 , 721–30.
Callaway, R.M. and Aschehoug, E.T. (2000) Invasive
plants versus their new and old neighbors: a mecha-
nism for exotic invasion.Science, 290 , 521–3.
Chown, S.L., Slabber, S., McGeoch, M.A.,et al. (2007)
Phenotypic plasticity mediates climate change re-
sponses among invasive and indigenous arthropods.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 274 ,
2531–7.230 REFERENCES