Community Ecology Processes, Models, and Applications

b

S1

S2

S3

S4

K D

D

S

K

a

KeystoneNon-keystoneCompetitive dominantCompetitive subordinateNutrient most neededNutrientStrong nutrient uptakeWeak nutrient uptake

NK

Plate 2

Keystone consumer in (a) a small module and (b) a complex

food web. See page 39.