113
fold (10−^1 ), the third yet again diluted tenfold (10−^2 ), and so
on (10−^3 to 10−^6 ).
Spot-calculation: Average of the duplicate counts × 50
(because we plated 20 μL, 1/50 of 1 mL) × dilution factor
(10−^1 to 10−^6 ). That will yield the number CFU/mL.
- Primers can be batch diluted to 20 μM and then aliquoted into
separate Eppendorf tubes and frozen at − 20 °C. Then you
only defrost your primers once before usage. - For E. coli RAPD patterns differing by >1 band difference are
considered different clones.
References
- Rogers BA, Sidjabat HE, Paterson DL (2011)
Escherichia coli O25b-ST131: a pandemic,
multiresistant, community-associated strain.
J Antimicrob Chemother 66:1–14 - Pitout JDD, Laupland KB (2008)
Enterobacteriaceae: an emerging public-health
concern. Lancet Infect Dis 8:159–166 - Peirano G, Pitout JDD (2010) Molecular epi-
demiology of Escherichia coli producing
CTX-M beta-lactamases: the worldwide emer-
gence of clone ST131 O25:H4. Int
J Antimicrob Agents 35:316–321 - Bush K, Jacoby GA (2010) Updated functional
classification of beta-lactamases. Antimicrob
Agents Chemother 54:969–976 - Naseer U, Sundsfjord A (2011) The CTX-M
conundrum: dissemination of plasmids and
Escherichia coli clones. Microb Drug Resist
(Larchmont, NY) 17:83–97 - Pitout JDD (2012) Extraintestinal pathogenic
Escherichia coli: an update on antimicrobial
resistance, laboratory diagnosis and treat-
ment. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther
10:1165–1176 - ECDC (2012) Antimicrobial resistance surveil-
lance in Europe. In: Annual report of the
European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance
Network (EARS-Net) 2012. https://ecdc.
europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/pub-
lications/Publications/antimicrobial-resis-
tance-surveillance-europe-2012.pdf - Bush K (2010) Alarming β-lactamase- mediated
resistance in multidrug-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae. Curr Opin Microbiol
13:558–564 - Pitout JDD (2012) Extraintestinal pathogenic
Escherichia coli: a combination of virulence
with antibiotic resistance. Front Microbiol 3:9 - Falagas ME, Karageorgopoulos DE (2009)
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing
organisms. J Hosp Infect 73:345–354
11. Dantas G, Sommer MO, Degnan PH et al
(2013) Experimental approaches for defining
functional roles of microbes in the human gut.
Annu Rev Microbiol 67:157–176
12. Grazul H, Kanda LL, Gondek D (2016)
Impact of probiotic supplements on microbi-
ome diversity following antibiotic treatment of
mice. Gut Microbes 7:101–114
13. Donskey CJ (2006) Antibiotic regimens and
intestinal colonization with antibiotic-resistant
gram-negative bacilli. Clin Infect Dis 43(Suppl
2):S62–S69
14. Leatham MP, Banerjee S, Autieri SM et al
(2009) Precolonized human commensal
Escherichia coli strains serve as a barrier to E.
coli O157:H7 growth in the streptomycin-
treated mouse intestine. Infect Immun
77:2876–2886
15. Nielsen KL, Dynesen P, Larsen P et al (2014)
Faecal Escherichia coli from patients with E.
coli urinary tract infection and healthy controls
who have never had a urinary tract infection.
J Med Microbiol 63:582–589
16. Raum E, Lietzau S, von Baum H et al (2008)
Changes in Escherichia coli resistance patterns
during and after antibiotic therapy: a longitudi-
nal study among outpatients in Germany. Clin
Microbiol Infect 14:41–48
17. Faure S, Perrin-Guyomard A, Delmas JM et al
(2010) Transfer of plasmid-mediated CTX-
M-9 from Salmonella enterica serotype
Virchow to Enterobacteriaceae in human flora-
associated rats treated with cefixime.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54:164–169
18. Feld L, Schjørring S, Hammer K et al (2008)
Selective pressure affects transfer and establish-
ment of a Lactobacillus plantarum resistance
plasmid in the gastrointestinal environment.
J Antimicrob Chemother 61:845–852
19. Bailey JK, Pinyon JL, Anantham S et al (2010)
Commensal Escherichia coli of healthy humans:
In Vivo Antibiotic Selection