Front Matter

Figure 1.14 Various malformations resulting from teratogenic agents, including unique
malformations that are organ specific. Among these are malformations caused by
exposure to thalidomide. One does not see any of these types of mutations in ASD
children. Source: Adapted from http://www.thalidomide.ca/recognition‐of‐thalidomide‐
defects/; http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital‐craniofacial‐
and‐musculoskeletal‐abnormalities/common‐congenital‐limb‐defects; http://www.
dailymail.co.uk/news/article‐2198015/Paralympic‐swimmers‐incredible‐journey‐Iraqi‐
orphanage‐London‐2012‐Australia.html; and https://www.researchgate.net/
figure/26760442_fig6_FIGURE‐6‐Mirror‐hand‐attributed‐to‐ZPA‐cells‐in‐the‐anterior‐limb‐
margin‐and. http://keywordsuggest.org/gallery/573175.html. (See insert for color
representation of this figure.)

Synthetic chemicals

Radiation

Alcohol

Drugs

Hormones

German

measles

Lead, Mercury

Placenta

Figure 1.15 Common teratogenic agents that affect a developing fetus. Source: https://
http://www.google.com/search?newwindow=1&hl=en&site=imghp&tbm=isch&source=hp&biw=
1264&bih=576&q=teratogens+examples&oq=teratogens&gs_l=img.1.5.0l8j0i30k1j0i5i
30k1.1540.4164.0.10616.11.11.0.0.0.0.73.505.10.10.0....0...1.1.64.img..1.10.505.0..35i39k1.
iV‐LM2I‐xgA#imgrc=UcRG‐EDY52CxhM. Reproduced with permission of S. Branch.