References 43Summary
In summary, ASDs are highly heterogeneous developmental conditions char
acterized by deficits in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communica
tion, and obsessive/stereotyped patterns of behavior and repetitive movements.
Social interaction impairments are the most characteristic deficits in ASD.
There is also evidence of impoverished language and empathy, a profound
inability to use standard nonverbal behaviors (eye contact, affective expres
sion) to regulate social interactions with others, difficulties in showing empa
thy, failure to share enjoyment, interests and achievements with others, and a
lack of social and emotional reciprocity. In developed countries, it is now
reported that 1–1.5% of children have ASD, and in the USA in 2015 one in 45
children suffered from ASD. Despite the intense research focus on ASD in the
last decade, the underlying etiology remains unknown. Genetic research
involving twins and family studies strongly supports a significant contribution
of environmental factors in addition to genetic factors in ASD etiology. A com
prehensive literature search has implicated several environmental factors asso
ciated with the development of ASD. These include pesticides, phthalates,
polychlorinated biphenyls, solvents, air pollutants, fragrances, glyphosate, and
heavy metals, especially aluminum used in vaccines as adjuvant. Importantly,
the majority of these toxicants are some of the most common ingredients in
cosmetics and herbicides which almost all of us are regularly exposed to in the
form of fragrances, face makeup, cologne, air fresheners, food flavors, deter
gents, insecticides, and herbicides. We have also explained why ASD is a “spec
trum” and propose mechanisms by which this “spectrum” becomes a reality.
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