Contents vii5 Male Gender Bias and Levels of Male Hormones During Fetal
Development 123
Association between 2D:4D Ratio and Brain Connection
Development 129
Male and Female Estrogen and Testosterone Hormone Regulations 130
Are there Synthetic Chemicals that Humans Are Not Evolutionarily
Exposed To? 130
Why Male Gender Bias? 131
Male and Female Brains in a Test Tube 132
Effects of Three Different Levels of Testosterone
on Neuronal Morphology 133
Molecular Basis of Gender Bias in ASD 134
References 136
6 Maternal Twins and Male Gender Bias in Autism Spectrum Disorders 143
The Conundrum of ASD Discordance in Maternal Twins 146
Role of Environment in Maternal Twins revealed by Numerous
Methods under Many Conditions 149
What Types of Discordance are Observed in Maternal Twins? 149
Differences in Frontal and Limbic Brain Activation in Monozygotic
Twin Pairs Discordant for Severe Stressful Life Events 150
Structural Connectivity of the Brain of a Child with ASD and That
of the Unaffected Identical Twin 150
Differences in Genomic and Epigenomic Expression in Monozygotic
Twins Discordant for Rett Syndrome 150
Differences in CNV between Discordant Monozygotic Twins
with Congenital Heart Defects 151
History of Autism Becoming a Genetic Disease 151
Many Diseases That Were Considered Genetic are Being Reassessed 152
De Novo Mutations 156
To find a Scientific Analysis of ASD Genesis 158
What are Neuroblastomas? 159
What Method Did We Use? 160
Possible Etiologies of Autism 160
Epigenetic Explained 160
Epigenetic Changes and the Environment: How Lifestyle Can Influence
Epigenetic Change from One Generation to the Next 161
Factors Other Than Environment That May Be Contributing
to ASD 161
Older Age of Mother and Increased Risk 161
Conclusion and Summary 163
References 163