Front Matter

(Rick Simeone) #1
References 77

Refs [15,72,73]. All of these chemicals are found in fragrances commonly used
today. We have shown that even at femtomolar concentrations, fragrances with
these chemicals can be mutagenic and carcinogenic to human fetal NBC [8–
10]. We will discuss the roles of these two neurohormones in detail in Chapter 4.
We propose that a focus limited to proposed genetic causes to ASD may not
be fruitful and or productive in solving the origin of the autism problem. This
is an alarmingly growing problem  –  not only because of its public percep-
tion – but because of apparent increasing incidence based on diagnostic data.
We argue that the “spectrum” is the result of interference in normal fetal brain
development from the very early stages to 2 years after birth.


References


1 Marco EJ, Skuse DH (2006). Autism‐lessons from the X chromosome. Soc.
Cogn. Affect. Neurosci., 1 (3):183–93.
2 Bagasra O, Pace DG (2013). Smell of autism: Synthetic fragrances and cause
for allergies, asthma, cancer and autism. OA Autism, 1 (2):15.
3 Caress SM, Steinemann AC (2009). Prevalence of fragrance sensitivity in the
American population. J. Environ. Health, 71 (7):46–50.
4 Caress SM, Steinemann AC (2009). Asthma and chemical hypersensitivity:
prevalence, etiology, and age of onset. Toxicol. Ind. Health, 25 (1):71–8.
5 Steinemann AC, MacGregor IC, Gordon SM, et al. (2011). Fragranced
consumer products: Chemicals emitted, ingredients unlisted. Environ. Impact
Assess. Rev., 31 (3):328–33.
6 Sealey LA, Hughes BW, Sriskanda AN, et al. (2016). Environmental factors in
the development of autism spectrum disorders. Environ. Int., 88 :288–98.
7 Golkar Z, Bagasra O, Jamil N (2013). Experimental phage therapy on multiple
drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in mice. J. Antivir.
Antiretrovir., S10‐005. DOI: 10.4172/jaa.S10‐005.
8 Patel S (2017). Fragrance compounds: The wolves in sheep’s clothing. Med.
Hypotheses, 102 :106–11.
9 Sealey LA, Hughes BW, Steinemann A, et al. (2015). Role of environmental
factors in autism development and male bias: Neuromodifying effects of
fragrance. Environ. Res., 142 :731–8.
10 Hughes BW, Sealey LA, O Bagasra (2016). Mechanism of male gender bias in
neuroblastoma cell lines exposed to fragrances: A link to autism spectrum
disorder. Expert Opin. Environ. Biol., 5 :1–21.
11 Bang du Y, Lee IK, Lee BM (2011). Toxicological characterization of phthalic
acid. Toxicol Res., 27 (4):191–203.
12 Sakhi AK, Sabaredzovic A, Cequier E, Thomsen C (2017). Phthalate
metabolites in Norwegian mothers and children: Levels, diurnal variation and
use of personal care products. Sci. Total Environ., 599–600:1984–92.

Free download pdf