Chapter 3 Musculoskeletal Structure and Physiology 69
References
Ambrosio, F., Wolf, S. L., Delitto, A., Fitzgerald, G. K.,
Badylak, S. F., Boninger, M. L., & Russell, A. J.
- The emerging relationship between regener
ative medicine and physical therapeutics. Phys
Ther, 90, 1807–1814.
Archer, C. W., Dowthwaite, G. P., & Francis‐west, P. - Development of synovial joints. Birth Defects
Res C Embryo Today, 69, 144–155.
Argiles, J. M., Lopez‐soriano, F. J., & Busquets, S. - Therapeutic potential of interleukin‐15: a
myokine involved in muscle wasting and
adiposity. Drug Discov Today, 14, 208–213.
Armstrong, R. B., Saubert, C. W. T., Seeherman, H. J., &
Taylor, C. R. 1982. Distribution of fiber types in loco
motory muscles of dogs. Am J Anat, 163, 87–98.
Benjamin, M. & Ralphs, J. R. 1995. Functional and
developmental anatomy of tendons and liga
ments. In: Gordon, S. L., Blair, S. J., & Fine, L. J.
(eds), Repetitive Motion Disorders of the Upper
Extremity. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons, pp. 185–203.
Benjamin, M., Toumi, H., Ralphs, J. R., Bydder, G.,
Best, T. M., & Milz, S. 2006. Where tendons and
ligaments meet bone: attachment sites (’entheses’)
in relation to exercise and/or mechanical load.
J Anat, 208, 471–490.
Benjamin, M., Kaiser, E., & Milz, S. 2008. Structure‐
function relationships in tendons: a review. J Anat,
212, 211–228.
Black, L. L., Gaynor, J., Gahring, D., Adams, C., Aron,
D., Harman, S., et al. 2007. Effect of adipose‐
derived mesenchymal stem and regenerative cells
on lameness in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis of
the coxofemoral joints: a randomized, double‐
blinded, multicenter, controlled trial. Vet Ther, 8,
272–284.
Black, L. L., Gaynor, J., Adams, C., Dhupa, S., Sams,
A. E., Taylor, R., et al. 2008. Effect of intraarticular
injection of autologous adipose‐derived
mesenchymal stem and regenerative cells on
clinical signs of chronic osteoarthritis of the elbow
joint in dogs. Vet Ther, 9, 192–200.
Bonewald, L. F. 2006. Mechanosensation and
transduction in osteocytes. Bonekey Osteovision,
3, 7–15.
Bradley, L., Yaworsky, P. J., & Walsh, F. S. 2008.
Myostatin as a therapeutic target for musculoskel
etal disease. Cell Mol Life Sci, 65, 2119–2124.
Chapman, J. A. 1989. The regulation of size and form
in the assembly of collagen fibrils in vivo.
Biopolymers, 28, 1367–1382.
Chi, S. S., Rattner, J. B., Sciore, P., Boorman, R., & Lo,
I. K. 2005. Gap junctions of the medial collateral
ligament: structure, distribution, associations and
function. J Anat, 207, 145–154.
Civitelli, R. 2008. Cell‐cell communication in the
osteoblast/osteocyte lineage. Arch Biochem
Biophys, 473, 188–192.
Currey, J. 2008. Collagen and the mechanical properties
of bone and calcified cartilage. In: Fratzl, P. (ed.),
Collagen: Structure and Mechanics. New York, NY:
Springer Science – Business Media, pp. 397–420.
Elliott, D. M., Robinson, P. S., Gimbel, J. A., Sarver, J.
J., Abboud, J. A., Iozzo, R. V., & Soslowsky, L. J.
- Effect of altered matrix proteins on quasilin
ear viscoelastic properties in transgenic mouse tail
tendons. Ann Biomed Eng, 31, 599–605.
Fan, J., Varshney, R. R., Ren, L., Cai, D., & Wang, D. A. - Synovium‐derived mesenchymal stem cells:
a new cell source for musculoskeletal regenera
tion. Tissue Eng Part B Rev, 15, 75–86.
Frank, C. B., Hart, D. A., & Shrive, N. G. 1999.
Molecular biology and biomechanics of normal
and healing ligaments—a review. Osteoarthritis
Cartilage, 7, 130–140.
Freeman, L. M. 2012. Cachexia and sarcopenia:
emerging syndromes of importance in dogs and
cats. J Vet Intern Med, 26, 3–17.
Goldring, M. B. 2006. Update on the biology of the
chondrocyte and new approaches to treating carti
lage diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol,
20, 1003–1025.
Guercio, A., Di Marco, P., Casella, S., Cannella, V.,
Russotto, L., Purpari, G., et al. 2012. Production
of canine mesenchymal stem cells from adipose
tissue and their application in dogs with chronic
osteoarthritis of the humeroradial joints. Cell Biol
Int, 36, 189–194.
Gundersen, K. 2011. Excitation‐transcription cou
pling in skeletal muscle: the molecular pathways
of exercise. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc, 86, 564–600.
Gunn, H. M. 1978a. Differences in the histochemical
properties of skeletal muscles of different breeds
of horses and dogs. J Anat, 127, 615–634.
Gunn, H. M. 1978b. The proportions of muscle, bone
and fat in two different types of dog. Res Vet Sci,
24, 277–282.
Hand, M. S., Thatcher, C. D., Remillard, R. L.,
Roudebush, P., & Novotny, B. J. (eds). 2010. Small
Animal Clinical Nutrition, 5th edn. Topeka, KS:
Mark Morris Institute.
Hardingham, T. E. & Fosang, A. J. 1992. Proteoglycans:
many forms and many functions. FASEB J, 6,
861–870.
Hulmes, D. J. 2002. Building collagen molecules,
fibrils, and suprafibrillar structures. J Struct Biol,
137, 2–10.
Indik, Z., Yeh, H., Ornstein‐goldstein, N., Kucich, U.,
Abrams, W., Rosenbloom, J. C., & Rosenbloom, J. - Structure of the elastin gene and alternative
splicing of elastin mRNA: implications for human
disease. Am J Med Genet, 34, 81–90.