222 Monitoring Threatened Species and Ecological Communities
● (^) Frameworks exist to maximise the surrogacy value of threatened species
monitoring if not all species of interest can be monitored.
● (^) Frameworks exist to help prioritise learning about management actions.
● (^) Statistical power analysis is a useful tool for clarifying how much more
monitoring effort and funding is required, or whether monitoring is
worthwhile at all.
● (^) Given the tight constraints on resources for conservation, it is more important
than ever to be extremely clear about (and preferably quantify) the benefits a
monitoring program will bring to a threatened species.
Acknowledgements
Mike Runge, Julien Martin and Conor McGowan helped significantly with case
studies. Darren Southwell provided the Kakadu power analysis figure. Natasha
Cadenhead, Ayesha Tulloch, Darren Southwell and Sarah Legge made the chapter
make sense. NESP TSR and ARC Future Fellowship (FT100100819) provided
support to this work.
References
Crall AW, Newman GJ, Stohlgren TJ, Holfelder KA, Graham J, Waller DM (2011)
Assessing citizen science data quality: an invasive species case study. Conservation
Letters 4 , 433–442. doi:10.1111/j.1755-263X .2011.0 0196.x
Funder M, Danielsen F, Ngaga Y, Nielsen M, Poulsen M (2013) Reshaping conserva-
tion: the social dynamics of participatory monitoring in Tanzania’s community-
managed forests. Conservation & Society 11 , 218–232. doi:10.4103/0972-4923.121011
Hauser CE, Pople AR, Possingham HP (2006) Should managed populations be moni-
tored every year? Ecological Applications 16 , 807–819. doi:10.1890/1051-0761(2006)
016[0807:SMPBME]2.0.CO;2
Holling CS (1978) Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. John Wiley
& Sons, Chichester, UK.
Johnson FA, Moore CT, Kendall WT, Dubovsky JA, Caithamer DF, Kelley JR, et al.
(1997) Uncertainty and the management of mallard harvests. The Journal of
Wildlife Management 61 , 202–216. doi:10.2307/3802429
Lindenmayer DB, Likens GE (2010) Effective Ecological Monitoring. Earthscan,
London, UK.
Lindenmayer DB, Margules CR, Botkin DB (2000) Indicators of biodiversity for
ecologically sustainable forest management. Conservation Biology 14 , 941–950.
doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98533.x
Lindenmayer DB, Piggot M, Wintle BA (2013a) Counting the books while the library
burns: why conservation monitoring programs need a plan for action. Frontiers in
Ecology and the Environment 11 , 549–555. doi:10.1890/120220