72 Science & technology The Economist April 30th 2022
Simon Thorrold, an ocean ecologist at
Woods Hole, will be an eager adopter of
these tags. He plans to attach them to tuna
and swordfish later this year. Both species
are commercially important, and their be
haviour is not properly understood.
Swordfish follow a daily pattern, diving at
dawn and spending the day at depths of up
to 800 metres before rising near the sur
face again at night. But nobody knows
what drives them to do this.
Dr Thorrold suspects it may be related
to the way the fish interact with socalled
mesoscale features. These are gyres tens of
kilometres across which last for a month
or so. In particular, a type of feature called a
warmcore eddy may be crucial for popula
tions of prey species. Plotting the way
swordfish move in relation to eddies could
reveal much about the workings of the ma
rine ecosystem. Dr Thorrold says the find
ings could help both fisherfolk and the en
vironment, by helping ensure that only
fish of the desired type are caught, there
fore minimising socalled bycatch of for
bidden or noncommercial species.
Further down the line, he hopes to track
Atlantic salmon. This could shed light on
“ocean phase mortality”—the number of
fish that go out into the deep ocean from
their freshwater spawning grounds but fail
to return to them later in life, to spawn
themselves. He also hopes, once and for
all, to solve the mystery of where Atlantic
eels spawn.
Eels have life cycles that are the oppo
site of salmon. They spawn at sea and the
young then swim back to freshwater to live
out most of their lives. That Atlantic eels
spawn somewhere in the vicinity of the
Sargasso Sea is known from work carried
out a century ago. But exactly where this
happens remains obscure.
sofartransmitters will have applica
tions beyond zoology, as well. Melissa
Omand, a colleague of Dr Fischer at Rhode
Island, specialises in underwater robotics.
She has developed small underwater floats
she calls Minions. Their purpose is to fol
low the movement of carbon in the oceans.
Toiling Minions
Each Minion is equipped with a camera of
the sort found in a smartphone, and also a
Raspberry Pi microprocessor. It uses these
to monitor small particles of organic mat
ter (mainly fish faeces) that are known col
lectively as marine snow. This snow falls
from the surface to the ocean depths,
where it decays so slowly that it may per
sist for thousands of years. That makes it
an important carbon “sink”, which stores
that element in a form in which it cannot
contribute to global warming. A fleet of
cheap Minions carrying Dr Fischer’s tags
could give a better picture of ocean cur
rents and carbon transport in the ocean. Dr
Omand says this might guide projects
seekingtosequestercarbonoutofharm’s
wayintheoceandepths.
AsofarbeaconofthesortWoodsHole
makesclocksinataround$100,000,plus
thepriceofdeployment.Thousandscould
thusbeputinplaceforthecostofa single
gpssatellite.Surprisingly,thereisnomili
taryequivalent(thoughdarpa, a research
armofAmerica’sdefencedepartment,is
working on one called posydon). And,
sinceWoods Holeisascientificinstitu
tion,it ismakessensethattheinitialappli
cationsarescientific.Aswithgps, though,
oncetheinfrastructureisthere,peoplewill
probablyfindcommercialemploymentfor
it,too.Exactlyhowhumanswillusethe
oceansovercomingdecadesremainstobe
seen. Buthavingdecentnavigation bea
consinplacewillsurelyhelp.n
Reusablerockets
Rocket Lab’s grab
A
s technological featsgo, recovering
and relaunching the first stage of a
space rocket ranks pretty high on the scale
of difficulty. So far, only SpaceX, an Ameri
can giant, has pulled it off. But another
outfit now seems close to doing so—albeit
on a rather smaller scale. Shortly after the
local weather calms (and thus after this
story was published), a firm called Rocket
Lab plans to dispatch a mission dubbed
“There and Back Again”.
There and Back Again will start with the
liftoff of one of the company’s twostage
Electron launchers from its spaceport on
New Zealand’s North Island. (The mis
sion’s name is a sly allusion to New Zea
land’s role as a set for Peter Jackson’s
filmed version of “The Hobbit”, the original
book of which bore the phrase as part of its
subtitle.) Minutes later, the attempt to re
cover the Electron’s spent first stage will
begin. SpaceX, which first did this sort of
thing in 2015, uses thrusters to set the de
scending first stages of its Falcon 9 launch
vehicles gently upright on a landing pad.
Rocket Lab, by contrast, will employ a heli
copter to try to catch its parachuting first
stage in flight.
It promises to be quite an operation,
even if, at 12.4 metres, an Electron’s first
stage is less than a third of the height of a
Falcon 9’s. Rocket Lab has designed a grap
pling mechanism attached to a long line
which will dangle from a twinengined Si
korsky helicopter. The trick will be to
manoeuvre the chopper so that this cord
first makes contact with, and then slides
smoothly along, the incoming stage’s taut
parachute line. When that line reaches the
grappler, it will snap shut like a gin trap,
seizing the line in its jaws.
This sounds both hard and risky. But, in
a number of tests, the capture team has
successfully grabbed the parachute line of
a dummy rocket stage dropped from a sec
ond helicopter (see picture). As for keeping
the whole shebang out of the helicopter’s
rotors, a radio in the stage helps to do this
by transmitting its position continuously
to the flight crew.
The trickiest technical challenge, there
fore, is not the actual process of capture,
but rather the manoeuvring of the stage
that takes place minutes earlier, while the
helicopter is still hovering on standby near
the catch zone, some 280km from shore. If
all goes well, about 150 seconds after
launch the first stage’s nine kerosenepo
wered engines will switch off. The stage
will then separate. As the second stage con
tinues upward to loft 34 small satellites in
to orbit around Earth, the first, by now
about 80km up, will arc back downward.
This is when things get really dicey. With
the first stage hurtling along at 2.35km a
second, atmospheric friction will soon—
and quite suddenly—generate tremendous
heat. “It just goes whack, like that,” says Pe
ter Beck, Rocket Lab’s boss. His engineers
refer to this first stretch of progressively
thickening air as the Wall.
To survive the Wall intact, the first stage
will use thrusters to flip itself over, so that
it is travelling tail first. The bottom part of
the stage is already designed to handle the
intense heat of the engine’s exhaust, so it
makes sense to take advantage of its heat
resistance to slice a pathway through the
air. The friction of reentry will neverthe
less create a bow wave of superheated air
molecules surrounding the stage, which
Mr Beck describes as “a hot knife of plas
A space-launch firm has a novel plan
to snag a booster in mid-air
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