Science - USA (2022-05-06)

in which it arises, but there are

different theories as to how such

systematic trends manifest.

Using a CRISPR gene drive sys-

tem, Bakerlee et al. generated

a combinatorial yeast library

that allowed them to test the

effects of different combinations

of missense mutations in 10

genes, including essential ones.

Using this system, the authors

found that fitness-correlated

trends were better explained by

an idiosyncratic model, in which

they emerged from just a few

interactions between specific

loci, than they were by a global

epistasis model, in which the

effects of mutations were gener-

ally mediated by background

fitness. —MAF

Science, abm4774, this issue p. 630

VACCINES

An Epstein-Barr virus

vaccine

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infec-

tion has been associated with

infectious mononucleosis,

human cancers, and, most

recently, the development

of multiple sclerosis. Thus, a

vaccine to prevent infection

with EBV would be broadly

beneficial for human health.

Wei et al. developed and tested

two bivalent EBV vaccines that

targeted three or four viral

glycoproteins that mediate EBV

cell entry into epithelial cells

and B cells. The nanoparticle

vaccines gH/gL+gp350D 123 and

gH/gL/gp42+gp350D 123 elicited

immune responses in mice, fer-

rets, and nonhuman primates.

Passive transfer of serum from

vaccinated mice into humanized

mice also conferred protection

against EBV, supporting the

further development of these

bivalent nanoparticle vaccines.

—CSM

Sci. Transl. Med. 14 , eabf3685 (2022).

CATA LYS I S

Zinc’s state in methanol

synthesis

Methanol can be synthesized

from carbon monoxide (CO),

carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and

PALEOECOLOGY

Carbon in the long view

The influence of long-term

fluctuations in atmospheric

carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) on woody

vegetation growth is complex.

The prevailing paradigm has

been that it enhances growth.

However, using a 500,000-year

record of vegetation change at

a site in tropical Africa, Gosling

et al. conclude that shifts in

atmospheric CO 2 concentrations

do not drive changes in woody

cover in the tropics at the mil-

lennial scale. Instead, long-term

changes in moisture appear to

have a greater effect. In the con-

text of current climate change

and increasing CO 2 concentra-

tions, these findings suggest, at

least for the tropics, that models

and policies for anthropogenic

climate change mitigation involv-

ing enhanced CO 2 drawdown

into vegetation may not be as

effective as hoped. —AMS

Science, abg4618, this issue p. 653

EVOLUTION

Gene interactions

and global fitness

The effect of a particular muta-

tion in a given environment often

varies systematically with the fit-

ness of the genetic background

RESEARCH

Edited by Michael Funk

IN SCIENCE JOURNALS

Global shipping encourages land-use change and associated climate emissions

to transfer to lower-income countries, even if products are exported.

PHOTO: LOURENS SMAK/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO

SCIENCE science.org 6 MAY 2022 • VOL 376 ISSUE 6593 591

CLIMATE ECONOMICS

Trade and land-use emissions

I

nternational trade allows goods and services produced in one country to be consumed

elsewhere, separating consumption from its environmental impacts. Greenhouse gas emis-

sions from land use is one key impact. Hong et al. present estimates of land-use emissions

embodied in global trade from 2004 to 2017. They found that 27% of all land-use emissions

were related to agricultural products consumed in a different country from where they

were produced. They also identified the trade relationships representing the largest transfers

of land-use emissions, which could help target efforts to improve the sustainability of land

use and agricultural production. The authors suggest that improving transparency by regular

accounting of land-use emissions embodied in trade could support strategic trade adjustments

that would mitigate land-use emissions. —AMS Science, abj1572, this issue p. 597

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