plied research, development, extension to practical growers was struc-
tured into almost independent steps, separated by time and distance.
Transdisciplinarity implies that vertical integration of the research
process takes place, e.g., from basic research to development of, e.g.,
cultural practices at the same time to make rapid use of the research re-
sults possible.
Because the problems are complex and no one research institute cov-
ers all the fields necessary for problem solving, cooperations and strate-
gic alliences via the formation of networks to make use of external
knowledge (Figure 15.5) are the way to successfully solve problems.
References
Carlsson, M. 1995. On Agricultural Knowledge Systems. Some Reflections Based
on Country Notes and Case Studies. First Joint Conference of Directors and
294 INTEGRATING PROBLEM-ORIENTED RESEARCH
FIGURE 15.5Disciplinary competence.