550 J.M. Walker and A.G. Hohmann
Malmberg AB, Chen C, Tonegawa S, Basbaum AI (1997) Preserved acute pain and reduced
neuropathic pain in mice lacking PKCgamma. Science 278:279–283
Manning BH, Mayer DJ (1995) The central nucleus of the amygdala contributes to the
production of morphine antinociception in the formalin test. Pain 63:141–152
ManningBH,MerinNM,MengID,AmaralDG(2001)Reductioninopioid-andcannabinoid-
induced antinociception in rhesus monkeys after bilateral lesions of the amygdaloid
complex. J Neurosci 21:8238–8246
ManningBH,MartinWJ,MengID(2003)Therodentamygdalacontributestotheproduction
of cannabinoid-induced antinociception. Neuroscience 120:1157–1170
Mao J, Price DD, Lu J, Keniston L, Mayer DJ (2000) Two distinctive antinociceptive systems
in rats with pathological pain. Neurosci Lett 280:13–16
Marsicano G, Wotjak CT, Azad SC, Bisogno T, Rammes G, Cascio MG, Hermann H, Tang J,
Hofmann C, Zieglgansberger W, Di Marzo V, Lutz B (2002) The endogenous cannabinoid
system controls extinction of aversive memories. Nature 418:530–534
Martin BR, Compton DR, Thomas BF, Prescott WR, Little PJ, Razdan RK, Johnson MR,
Melvin LS, Mechoulam R, Ward SJ (1991) Behavioral, biochemical, and molecular mod-
eling evaluations of cannabinoid analogs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40:471–478
Martin WJ, Lai NK, Patrick SL, Tsou K, Walker JM (1993) Antinociceptive actions of cannabi-
noids following intraventricular administration in rats. Brain Res 629:300–304
Martin WJ, Patrick SL, Coffin PO, Tsou K, Walker JM (1995) An examination of the central
sites of action of cannabinoid-induced antinociception in the rat. Life Sci 56:2103–2109
Martin WJ, Hohmann AG, Walker JM (1996) Suppression of noxious stimulus-evoked activ-
ity in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus by a cannabinoid agonist: corre-
lation between electrophysiological andantinociceptive effects.JNeurosci 16:6601–6611
Martin WJ, Tsou K, Walker JM (1998) Cannabinoid receptor-mediated inhibition of the rat
tail-flick reflex after microinjection into the rostral ventromedial medulla. Neurosci Lett
242:33–36
Martin WJ, Coffin PO, Attias E, Balinsky M, Tsou K, Walker JM (1999a) Anatomical basis
for cannabinoid-induced antinociception as revealed by intracerebral microinjections.
Brain Res 822:237–242
Martin WJ, Loo CM, Basbaum AI (1999b) Spinal cannabinoids are anti-allodynic in rats
with persistent inflammation. Pain 82:199–205
MazzariS,CanellaR,PetrelliL,MarcolongoG,LeonA(1996)N-(2-hydroxyethyl)hexadecan-
amide is orally active in reducing edema formation and inflammatory hyperalgesia by
down-modulating mast cell activation. Eur J Pharmacol 300:227–236
McCall WD, Tanner KD, Levine JD (1996) Formalin induces biphasic activity in C-fibers in
the rat. Neurosci Lett 208:45–48
McMahon SB (1996) NGF as a mediator of inflammatory pain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B
Biol Sci 351:431–440
Mechoulam R, Ben-Shabat S, Hanus L, Ligumsky M, Kaminski NE, Schatz AR, Gopher
A, Almog S, Martin BR, Compton DR, et al (1995) Identification of an endogenous
2-monoglyceride, present in canine gut, that binds to cannabinoid receptors. Biochem
Pharmacol 50:83–90
Medina JF, Repa CJ, Mauk MD, LeDoux JE (2002) Parallels between cerebellum- and
amygdala-dependent conditioning. Nature Rev. Neuroscience 3:122–131
Meng ID, Manning BH, Martin WJ, Fields HL (1998) An analgesia circuit activated by
cannabinoids. Nature 395:381–384
Millan MJ (1999) The induction of pain: an integrative review. Prog Neurobiol 57:1–164
Molander C, Grant G (1995) Spinal cord cytoarchitecture. In: Paxinos G (ed) The rat nervous
system. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 39–45
MolliverDC,RadekeMJ,FeinsteinSC,SniderWD(1995)PresenceorabsenceofTrkAprotein
distinguishessubsetsofsmallsensoryneuronswithuniquecytochemicalcharacteristics
and dorsal horn projections. J Comp Neurol 361:404–416