Evolution, 4th Edition

CooPERATIoN AND CoNFlICT 299 An important tool used to understand the evolution of cooperation is the concept of an evolutionari ...

300 CHAPTER 12 Shared Genes and the Evolution of Altruism Many species provide care for their offspring, often at great effort a ...

CooPERATIoN AND CoNFlICT 301 The overall effect of an allele on its inclusive fitness is the sum of the allele’s indi- rect and ...

302 CHAPTER 12 allele, and so she is again related to them by r = 1/2. More distant relatives have lower relatedness. For exampl ...

CooPERATIoN AND CoNFlICT 303 not (cheaters) depends on the environment they grow in (FIGURE 12.5). The bacteria can be maintaine ...

304 CHAPTER 12 they will end up as spores. Cells with the csA gene are more altruistic, and they are able to prevent the cheater ...

CooPERATIoN AND CoNFlICT 305 female’s reproductive physiology, causing her to lay eggs more rapidly. The fit- ness advantage to ...

306 CHAPTER 12 parent that pays the greater cost in caring for the offspring (in terms of lost oppor- tunities for further repro ...

CooPERATIoN AND CoNFlICT 307 if food is scarce or the litter is too large—behavior that increases the chance that the female wil ...

308 CHAPTER 12 Parent-offspring conflict Natural selection typically favors different behaviors in parents and offspring [33, 75 ...

CooPERATIoN AND CoNFlICT 309 others (e.g., [43, 86]). So some origins of hymenopteran eusociality may well have been facilitated ...

310 CHAPTER 12 brothers, related to her by r = 0.25). But the queen gains more inclusive fitness through her own sons (related t ...

CooPERATIoN AND CoNFlICT 311 The loss in male fertility generates a strong evolutionary advantage to mutations at yet other loci ...

312 CHAPTER 12 resistant to malaria could somehow be introgressed into natural populations, it might be possible to eradicate th ...

CooPERATIoN AND CoNFlICT 313 Mitochondria are maternally inherited. Natural selection therefore favors any mutation in mitochond ...

314 CHAPTER 12 A classic experiment with the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum shows that group selection can cause large evoluti ...

CooPERATIoN AND CoNFlICT 315 which (ironically) had themselves been introduced earlier [45]. Initially, the virus was lethal and ...

316 CHAPTER 12 endosymbiont and host are chained together. The endosymbiont’s fitness depends entirely on the fitness of its hos ...

■■Many biological phenomena result from conflict or cooperation among organisms or among genes. The evolution of most interactio ...

SuGGESTIoNS FoR FuRTHER READING An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology (Wiley- blackwell, oxford, 2012) by N. b. Davies and coll ...