Evolution, 4th Edition

UNIT IV Macroevolution and the History of life 16_EVOL4E_CH16.indd 399 3/24/17 9:18 AM ...

16_EVOL4E_CH16.indd 400 3/22/17 1:33 PM ...

If you compare a chicken with a crocodile, you might find it hard to imagine that they are closely related. And it might strike ...

402 CHAPTER 16 is critically important for interpreting fossils: it provides a basis for tell- ing us that a mammalian skull is ...

PHylogENy: THE UNITy ANd dIvERSITy of lIfE 403 lineages—an instance of convergent evolution. The character of bipedalism contra- ...

404 CHAPTER 16 Our discussion of these few species and a few characters may convey the basic idea of how we can infer relationsh ...

PHylogENy: THE UNITy ANd dIvERSITy of lIfE 405 Because many phenotypic traits are genetically variable within species (see Chapt ...

406 CHAPTER 16 of substitutions that were fixed. As the time since divergence becomes greater, the number of differences begins ...

PHylogENy: THE UNITy ANd dIvERSITy of lIfE 407 Futuyma Kirkpatrick Evolution, 4e Sinauer Associates Troutt Visual Services Evolu ...

408 CHAPTER 16 tree. Factors that make ILS more frequent, and thus more problematic for estimat- ing phylogenies, are short inte ...

PHylogENy: THE UNITy ANd dIvERSITy of lIfE 409 Chapter 9). ILS is rampant among them, and until recently it was difficult to det ...

410 CHAPTER 16 Many methods are used to estimate phylogenies from DNA sequences. The sim- plest is parsimony, which we described ...

PHylogENy: THE UNITy ANd dIvERSITy of lIfE 411 scenarios that requires 4 changes is the true history shown in tree A. The first ...

412 CHAPTER 16 One widely used method for estimating phy- logenies is based on likelihood. This is a gen- eral statistical appro ...

PHylogENy: THE UNITy ANd dIvERSITy of lIfE 413 lutionary pattern as the first, and so it also lends statistical support to tree ...

414 CHAPTER 16 Likelihood and Bayesian inference have several advantages over parsimony. They are more robust to homoplasy; unli ...

For example, we noted at the start of this chapter that birds are dinosaurs: they are included in a dinosaur clade called the th ...

416 CHAPTER 16 Finally, there are feathers. Since 1996, researchers have described an astonish- ing variety of feathered dinosau ...

PHylogENy: THE UNITy ANd dIvERSITy of lIfE 417 Two major tests for constancy have been used. One is to plot sequence differences ...

418 CHAPTER 16 Futuyma Kirkpatrick Evolution, 4e Sinauer Associates Troutt Visual Services Evolution4e_16.17.ai Date 01-24-2017 ...