Evolution, 4th Edition

446 CHAPTER 17

FIGURE 17.14 Phylogeny and Pa-

leozoic fossil record of major groups

of terrestrial plants and their closest

relatives among the green algae (Chlo-

rophyta). The broad bars show the

known temporal distribution of each

group in the Paleozoic fossil record.

The green algae, liverworts, hornworts,

mosses, club mosses, spike mosses,

quillworts, horsetails, ferns, and seed

plants have living representatives.

(After [45].)

Futuyma Kirkpatrick Evolution, 4e

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Evolution4e_17.15.ai Date 01-17-2017

Embryophytes

(terrestrialization)

Tracheophytes

Coleochaetales

Charales

Marchantiopsida (liverworts)

Anthoceratopsida (hornworts)

Bryopsida (mosses)

Aglaophyton

Rhyniopsida

Drepanophycales

Lycopodiaceae (club mosses)

Protolepidodendrales

Selaginellales (spike mosses)

Isoetales (quillworts)

Zosterophyllopsida

Psilophyton

Sphenopsida (horsetails)

Ferns

Seed plants

Chlorophyta

(green algae)

C O S D C P

485 443 419 359 299

Time (Mya)

one of the great unknowns of vertebrate evolution.) It is also during the Silurian

that the bony fishes (Osteichthyes) arose. During the Devonian (419–359 Mya),

two subclasses of bony fishes flourished: the ray-finned fishes that would later

diversify into the largest group of modern fishes (the teleosts), and the lobe-finned

fishes (Sarcopterygii), which included lungfishes and our own ancestors. Immense

coral reefs developed during the Silurian and Devonian, but these were among the

victims of a major extinction in the late Devonian.

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