Evolution, 4th Edition

478 CHAPTER 18

see Chapter 9). For example, as a land corridor gradually formed between North

America and South America in the late Miocene and Pliocene, North American

groups such as deer, horses, camelids, and cats spread deep into South Amer-

ica, and a few South American mammal families—armadillos, opossums, and

porcupines, among others—colonized North America. Some groups of plants,

such as the Malpighiaceae, gradually dispersed from tropical America through

North America and Europe into Africa, during warm Paleogene intervals (FIGURE

Futuyma Kirkpatrick Evolution, 4e 18.11A) [6].

Sinauer Associates

Troutt Visual Services

Evolution4e_18.10.ai Date 12-12-2016

Q: I left the circled numbers in the art but I don’t see what they refer to. Should they be deleted?

Also, the relabeling of the 3 upper black lines as Outgroups now doesn’t match with the key. How can this be xed?

I was unsure of which 4 error bars to leave in as there are two in the interior of the tree (at 8 and 9). I left in more just in case.

Note I deleted scale at the top to help simplify since it was at the bottom too.

Cupressoideae

Cupressaceae

Permian Triassic Jurassic CretaceousEarly CretaceousLate P. EoceneOli.

Paleozoic

275 250 225 200 175 150 125

Time (Mya)

100 75 50 25 Present

Mesozoic Cenozoic

Mio.

Callitroideae

Outgroups

Thuja sp.

Laurasian: Eurasia,

North and Central America

Gondwanan: Africa

Gondwanan: South America

and Oceania

Calibration points

Outgroups

Decreasing chance of

dispersal between

Laurasia and Gondwana

FIGURE 18.10 A phylogeny of the cypresses (family Cupressaceae), with a distribution

that is ascribed partly to vicariance. Most of the species in the two major subfamilies are

located in the continents derived from Laurasia (Eurasia and North and Central Ameri-

ca) and from Gondwana (South America and the South Pacific islands [Oceania]). Cali-

brated by multiple fossils, this DNA-based phylogeny implies that the family originated

in the Triassic and divided into the two major subfamilies about 153 Mya, when Laurasia

and Gondwana were separating. The orange bar marks the time when floristic inter-

change between Laurasia and Gondwana was becoming unlikely. The blue branches

show that dispersal has also occurred, into Africa from Laurasian and South American

regions. (After [26].)

ma Kirk patrick Evolution, 4e

Sinauer Associates

Troutt Visual Services

Evolution4e_1811.ai Date 11-02-2016

(A)

(B)

18_EVOL4E_CH18.indd 478 3/22/17 1:39 PM