Evolution, 4th Edition

I–12 INDEX

mutations and, 93

natural selection and, 60–61

positive selection and, 108–116

as reproductive success, 60, 61

selection maintaining genetic variation in

space, 124

sexual selection in males and, 252–253

trade-offs, 277

Fitness components, 107

Fitness functions, 139–143

Fixation

of beneficial mutations, 115–116

of deleterious mutations, 179, 180

genetic drift and, 168

selective sweeps, 109–110

Fleas (Siphonaptera), 404, 450

Flippers, 66–67

Flocking, 297

Floreana mockingbird (Nesomimus

trifasciatus), 12

Flour beetles, 314, 384–385

Flowering plants. See Angiosperms

Flowerpiercers (Diglossa), 289, 290 , 508

Flowers

coevolution between moths and orchids,

321, 322

experimental analysis of animal

pollination, 69, 70

heterotopic rearrangement, 525

orchid mutualisms, 335–336

“pin” and “thrum” phenotypes, 87, 88

pollination by pseudocopulation, 74

trends in self-fertilization, 537–538

See also Orchids

FlyBase, 377

Flycatchers, 472

Flying foxes, 408

Flying lemurs, 461

Flying squirrels, 458

Foote, Michael, 507–508

Foramen magnum, 550

Foraminiferans, 440 , 452, 534, 535

Forelimbs, 36 , 528

Forewings, 521

Formaldehyde, 436

Formicariidae, 473

Fossil record

competitive displacement in, 508

evidence for evolution in, 579–580

historical explanations of geographic

distributions, 476

importance of, 431

incompleteness of, 435

phylogeny and, 401, 402

studying diversity in, 494–495

Founder effect speciation, 234–235, 534

Founder events, 173–174

Four-winged dinosaurs, 416

Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger), 36–37

FOXP2 gene, 357, 557

Foxtail millet, 560

Framingham Heart Study, 565

Fratercula arctica (Atlantic puffin), 66

French people, 556

Frequency, of variant forms, 14

Frequency-dependent selection, 122–123,

128–129

Freshwater fishes

impact of habitat destruction on, 587

phylogeography, 480, 481

Fringe-lipped bat (Trachops cirrhosus), 252

Fringillidae, 502

Frogs

developmental constraints on evolution,

390–391

latitudinal diversity gradient, 485–486

mosaic evolution, 45, 46

parental care, 305 , 306

phenotypic plasticity and evolution in, 386

thermal tolerance rage, 289

Fruit fly. See Drosophila

Fruitafossor, 458

Fugu, 346

Function of features, 67

Fundamental ecological niche, 482

Fundamental theorem of natural selection,

127, 128–129

Fungi

evolution of multicellularity, 440

genome size, 346

horizontal gene transfer, 38–39

numbers of protein-coding genes, 346

Tree of Life, 30 , 31

Furanocooumarin, 330

Fushi tarazu (ftz) gene, 378, 379 , 384–385

Fusions

definition and description of, 89 , 90, 91

evolution of chromosome number and,

359–360

tension zones in grasshoppers, 202

G

Gabon, 421, 422

Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod), 58

β-Galactosidase, 376

Galagos, 408 , 418

Galápagos finches. See Geospiza

Galápagos giant tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra),

13

Galápagos Islands, 11, 214, 471

Galápagos mockingbird (Nesomimus

parvulus), 12

Gale, Emily, 390–391

Gallus, 346 , 525

Game theory, 298

Gametes

anisogamy, 249

germ line mutations, 94

Gametic isolation, 221 , 223

Gap genes, 378, 379

Garden snail (Cornu aspersum), 169–170

Garter snakes

correlational selection, 142–143

genetic correlations, 153

phylogeny of snakes and lizards, 424

resistance to tetrodotoxin, 326, 327

Gas diffusion, 390

Gasterosteus, 352

Gasterosteus aculeatus. See Three-spined

stickleback

Gastropods

in the Cenozoic, 459

effects of mass extinctions on, 459, 500

evolution of eyes, 526

extinction rates in the Phanerozoic,

499–500

in the Mesozoic, 452, 453

trends in larval development, 537, 538

Gaussian distribution, 137

Gazelles, 326

Geckos, 424 , 585

Gekkonidae, 424

Gene conversion, 352

Gene-culture coevolution, 597–598

Gene deletions, importance in shaping the

genome, 353–354

“Gene drive,” 311–312

See also Meiotic drive

Gene duplication

gene families and the fate of, 351–353

gene trafficking and, 353–354

increase in genome size and, 40

mechanisms of, 347–350

pseudogenes, 353

Gene expression, evolution of, 356–358

Gene families

definition and description of, 351–353

from duplications, 90

from gene duplication, 40–41

Gene flow

defined, 193

dispersal and, 193–194, 204

genetic drift and, 202–204

measuring, 194–196

as migration, 194

selection and, 198–202

Gene-for-gene models, 331

Gene genealogy, 39–40

Gene knockouts (gene knockdowns), 376,

377

Gene mapping, agriculture and, 586

Gene regulation

Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities and,

224

Hox genes and the genetic toolkit,

378–381

methods of studying, 376–377

overview and description of, 375–377

Gene regulatory networks, 378, 379 , 385, 386,

387, 529

Gene swamping, 200, 201

Gene therapy, 159

Gene trafficking, 353–354

Gene trees

distinguished from phylogenies, 406, 407

genetic drift and the genealogy of genes,

170–172

of human mitochondrial DNA, 556

overview and description of, 39–40

using to discover the history of genes and

cultures, 417–419, 420

Genealogical relationships, 33

Generalists, 288–289

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