Evolution, 4th Edition

I–16 INDEX

Hoxd13 gene, 387

Huli people, 568

Hull, David, 584

Human behavior

cultural inheritance and, 98

evolution and, overview, 593

evolution and culture, 596–598

understanding nature and humanity,

598–599

variation in cognitive abilities, 594–595

variation in sexual orientation, 595, 596

Human behavioral ecology, 596–597

Human evolution

ape phylogeny, 548–549

bipedalism in, 419

brain and language, 558–559

diet and agriculture, 559–562

diversity of human populations, 557–558

evolution of culture, 566–568

evolutionary path from the last universal

common ancestor, 548

hominin species and evolution, 551–554

human brain size, 555

human differences from other apes,

549–551

human history of hybridization, 556–557

introduction to, 547

natural selection and the human genome,

562–563

origin and spread of humans from Africa,

555–556

origin of hominins in the Miocene, 463

Human genome

adaptive evolution in, 562–563

chromosome number, 359

composition of, 358 , 362

deletions, 89

evolutionary mismatches, 565–566

genetic load, 563–564

globin gene family, 40–41

inversions, 90

MK test, 186

natural selection and evolution in real

time, 565

noncoding DNA, 365

polymorphisms, 174

protein-coding genes, 80

size of, 79–80, 540

transposable elements, 362–363, 364

variation in haploid chromosome number,

90 , 91

Human health

antibiotic resistance and, 4–6, 566 ,

592–593

applications of evolutionary biology,

589–593

cancer, 591–592

deleterious mutations and mutation load

concerns, 131

evolutionary legacies, 589

individual health and public health, 593

mismatch with modern environments,

589–590

See also Genetic diseases; Infectious

diseases

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 3–4,

5 , 353

Human nature, 598–599

Human populations

adaptive evolution in, 562–563

diversity of, 557–558

estimating effective population size, 176

founder events, 173–174

identifying local adaptation, 204

measuring genetic differences among,

196–197

Human sociobiology, 596

Humanitarianism, 21

Humans

beneficial gene deletions, 353

bipedalism, 419, 549–550, 552, 553

common ancestry concept and, 581

copy number variation, 348

crystallin, 347

developmental and functional modules in

limb development, 389

emerging pathogens and, 333–334

estimating the human-chimpanzee

divergence time, 417, 418

evolution of gene expression in, 357

evolution of gene expression in

mosquitoes and, 356–357

evolution of HIV, 3–4, 5

evolution of protein-coding genes in,

355–356

evolutionary impact of human activity, 465

gene duplications, 348

gene regulation and morphological

differences with chimpanzees, 382

human-related mass extinctions, 501,

587–588

inbreeding depression, 270

inferring character evolution in, 41–42

local adaptation, 204

microbiome, 322

milk and maternal effects, 97–98

“Mitochondrial Eve,” 172

mosaic evolution, 45, 46

number of protein-coding genes, 345

parent-offspring conflict, 308

phylogenetic classification, 426

phylogeny of mammals, 408 , 461

positive selection in, 114–115

QTL mapping, 157–158

selective interference and the Y

chromosome, 268

stabilizing selection on birth weight, 141

testes size, 256

variance in height, 136

Humboldt penguin (Spheniscus humboldti), 66

Humerus, 36 , 388, 389

Hummingbirds, 49 , 230, 472, 508

Hunchback gene, 379

Hunter-gatherers, 558, 563

Huntington’s disease, 89–90, 130

Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 482

Hutton, James, 9

Huxley, Julian, 21

Huxley, Thomas Henry, 520

Hyaluronan, 585

Hybrid inviability, 221, 224–225

Hybrid speciation, 38, 233–234

Hybrid sterility, 221, 224–225, 227

Hybrid zones, 217–218, 238

Hybridization

among sympatric species, 217–218

human history of, 556–557

monkeyflowers, 220–221

polyploidy and, 350

prezygotic and postzygotic barriers,

220–227

from secondary contact, 237–238

Hydrogen cyanide, 436

Hydrogen sulfide, 451

Hydromantes supramontis, 525

Hygiene hypothesis, 566

Hyla chrysoscelis, 212

Hyla versicolor, 212 , 486

Hylidae, 485–486

Hylobates lar (white-handed gibbon), 548

Hymenoptera

calculating relatedness, 301

eusociality, 308–310

evolution and loss of eusociality, 539

haplodiploid sex determination, 250 , 260

in the Paleozoic, 449

phylogeny of insects, 450

species diversity and key adaptations, 502

See also Wasps

Hyobranchial apparatus, 525

Hypositta, 51

Hypotheses, 8, 578

Hypothetico-deductive method, 19, 71

Hypselodoris bullocki, 2

Hyracoidea, 461

Hyracotherium, 530 , 531

Hyraxes, 408 , 461

I

Ibo people, 556

“Ice ages,” 459

See also Glacial-interglacial cycles

Ichthyosaurs, 455, 456

Ichthyostega, 447, 448 , 449

Ictalurus, 352

IGF2 gene, 308

IGF2R gene, 308

Igneous rock, 432, 433

Iguana iguana (American green iguana), 483

Iguanas, 424 , 483

Iguanidae, 424

ILS. See Incomplete lineage sorting

Imaginal disc, 378

Immune system, 299

In situ hybridization, 376

Inbreeding, dispersal and, 205

Inbreeding depression, 179, 269–270, 281

Inbreeding load, 179, 180 , 269

Incisors, 518

Inclusive fitness, 300–304

Incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), 406–409

Incumbent replacement, 509, 510, 539

Incus, 518, 519

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