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46 2 XML Semantics XSD does not change the semantics of XML documents. An XML DTD can be converted to XSD usingdtd2xsd.pl. 2.4 ...

2.4 XML Data 47 One can make similar restrictions for theYearandMonthelements. How- ever, this still does not entirely capture a ...

48 2 XML Semantics string. Arbitrary text without embedded elements. decimal. A decimal number of any length and precision. int ...

2.5 Exercises 49 For example, suppose that it is possible for thedateCreatedattribute to be not applicable to a citation. Simply ...

50 2 XML Semantics cctggacctc ctgtgcaaga acatgaaaca nctgtggttc ttccttctcc tggtggcagc 60 tcccagatgg gtcctgtccc aggtgcacct gcaggag ...

3 Rules and Inference Rules and inference are important for tackling the challenges in bioinformat- ics. For example, consider t ...

52 3 Rules and Inference growth, proliferation, and differentiation. It is common for this binding to be somewhat imprecise, so ...

3.1 Introduction to Rule-Based Systems 53 action is performed, the rule is said to have been “invoked” or “fired.” The firing of ...

54 3 Rules and Inference kinds of automated reasoners. Including rule-based systems, the main kinds of automated reasoners are ...

3.2 Forward- and Backward-Chaining Rule Engines 55 there must be a mechanism to prevent rules from firing endlessly on the same ...

56 3 Rules and Inference pared with programming in forward-chaining mode or programming with a procedural language. Forward-chai ...

3.3 Theorem Provers and Other Reasoners 57 logical theories that corresponds to type checking in modern programming languages. I ...

58 3 Rules and Inference tionships. Most biological concepts can be defined using DLs, and they allow limited forms of reasoning ...

3.4 Performance of Automated Reasoners 59 Summary Theorem provers prove theorems. Queries to a theorem-proving system are expre ...

60 3 Rules and Inference support for dynamic knowledge bases, but not as much as a Rete forward chainer. The Rete-based systems ...

4 The Semantic Web and Bioinformatics Applications Many people have had the experience of suddenly realizing that two of their a ...

62 4 The Semantic Web and Bioinformatics Applications addresses these problems by annotating web resources and by providing rea- ...

4.2 The Resource Description Framework 63 As another example, consider a biologist who has just found a novel DNA sequence from ...

64 4 The Semantic Web and Bioinformatics Applications Hypertext links are one of the most important features that the World Wide ...

4.2 The Resource Description Framework 65 n_associations="149784"> GO:0003673 Gene_Ontology GO:0003674 molecular_function E ...