essay, “Surverying ‘race’ in Shakespeare,” provides a particularly useful overview of early
modern race studies.
40. Pivotal to these developments have been Said, Culture and Imperialism(New
York: Vintage Books, 1993 ); Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture(London: Rout-
ledge, 1994 ); Robert J. C. Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race
(London: Routledge, 1995 ). See also Ania Loomba,Colonialism/Postcolonialism(London:
Routledge, 1998 ). Loomba, Shakespeare, Race, and Colonialism(Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2002 ) has set the terms for postcolonial studies of the early modern period. See also
Jyotsna Singh, “Othello’s Identity, Postcolonial Theory, and Contemporary Rewritings of
Othello,” in Parker and Hendricks, eds., 287 – 99 , and Colonial Narratives/Cultural Dia-
logues: “Discoveries” of India in the Language of Colonialism(London: Routledge, 1996 );
Loomba and Orkin, eds., Post-Colonial Shakespeares (London: Routledge, 1998 ); Thomas
Cartelli, Repositioning Shakespeare: National Formations, Postcolonial Appropriations(Lon-
don: Routledge, 1999 ); Imtiaz H. Habib, Shakespeare and Race: Postcolonial Praxis in the
Early Modern Period(Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 2000 ); and Shankar
Raman,Framing “India”: The Colonial Imaginary in Early Modern Culture(Stanford, Calif.:
Stanford University Press, 2002 ).
41. See my inaugural essay on the topic, “Making More of the Moor,” 433 – 54.
42. In “Othelloand Africa: Postcolonialism Reconsidered,” William and Mary Quar-
terly 3 rd ser. 54,no. 1(January 1997 ): 45 – 64. See also Lynda Boose, “ ‘The Getting of a Law-
ful Race’: Racial Discourse in Early Modern England and the Unrepresentable Black
Woman,” in Hendricks and Parker, eds., 35 – 54 ; and Singh, “Othello’s Identity.”
43. Hall, 2 , 62.
44. Hall, 7.
45. See Loomba, Shakespeare, Race, and Colonialism. Influential explorations of these
geographies include Daniel J. Vitkus, Turning Turk: English Theater and the Multicultural
Mediterranean,1570–1630(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003 ); Jonathan Burton, Tr a f -
fic and Turning: Islam and English Drama, 1579–1624(Newark: University of Delaware
Press, 2005 ); Singh, Colonial Narratives; and Raman, Framing “India”. See also Nabil
Matar, Islam in Britain, 1558–1685(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998 ); and
Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery(New York: Columbia University
Press, 1999 ).
46. See especially David J. Armitage and Michael J. Braddick, eds., The British At-
lantic World, 1500–1800(Houndsmills, U.K.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002 ); and Paul Gilroy,
The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Uni-
versity Press, 1993 ). Compare Christine Daniels and Michael V. Kennedy, eds., Negotiated
Empires: Centers and Peripheries in the Americas, 1500–1820(New York: Routledge, 2002 ).
On the Mediterranean, see Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean
World in the Age of Philip II, trans. Sian Reynolds, 2 vols. (New York: Harper & Row,
1972 ); and, in counterpoint, Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell, The Corrupting Sea:
A Study of Mediterranean History(Oxford: Blackwell, 2000 ). I am grateful to Chris Chism
for calling my attention to (and lending me her copy of ) the latter study. See also Vitkus,
Turning Turk, 1 – 44 , on “the Mediterranean context.”
198 notes to pages 12–13