Younghan Cho7 Jeongsuk Joo defines pop nationalism in South Korea as “an attempt to appropriate transnationalizing
Korean pop culture in a way that celebrates the nation and asserts its cultural prominence” (2011, 500).
8 While suggesting approaching the key concepts of the global and the local as an ongoing cultural nego-
tiation, Jonathan Mackintosh, Chris Berry, and Nicola Liscutin assert that “the global is always/already
local” (2009, 8).
9 Utilizing Chen and Spivak’s work, Jini Kim Watson attempts to “undo the bilateralism between the
West and non-West,” and further suggests to “open up space for inter-Asian, or south-south, analyses of
modernity that no longer need the West for validation” (2011, 254).
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