benefit. Universities should put the economic and social needs of the nation in the
first place, caring more about economic returns and social benefits, to support the
long term development of the nation with talents, and the regional economic
development with innovation power.
Second, enhance international collaborations and highlight deeper cooperation,
improve the quality of international collaboration to amplify the international
impact of Chinese research.
In the context of globalization and information, international collaboration fea-
tured by inter-discipline and inter-region is undoubtedly an important way to
improve research quality and international impacts, and obtain breakthrough sci-
entific outcomes. It also helps university to obtain advanced technology, and benefit
from the catch-up effects. Most of top universities in China have realized that
international collaboration is the best way to establish their international prestige,
especially those high-level research universities, they are eager to sponsor inter-
national conferences, jointly build some research institutes, and encourage
researchers to participate in various international conferences or visiting programs.
However, in our studies, there is no empirical evidence can support that more
frequent international exchanges really make contribution to research efficiency.
Compared with developed countries, the international cooperation of China stays
on the shallow level. The ratio of international coauthored papers of Chinese uni-
versities are lower than that of German or Japanese universities. And this ratio in
top seven Chinese universities is even in the downtrend. Therefore, it’s urgent for
211Us to raise their level of international cooperation and their academic position
worldwide.
Third, enhance the research cooperation and sharing mechanism between
university and university, university and business, university and research institu-
tion, achieve cluster effect in areas where high-level universities gather around.
This is also the important channel to improve research efficiency and achieve the
combination of business and university at the macro level.
Getting close in one region can provide time and space convenience for research
exchange between university and university, university and business, university and
research institution. The sharing of research resources and hardware between uni-
versity, company and research institution is also good to lower the costs, especially
in the context of increasing costs in instrument and equipment, and human
resources. At the same time, the gathering of high-level R&D staff will be better for
innovations in science and technology, and better for in-depth research cooperation,
and better to form innovation cluster. In our studies, the university resource sharing
mechanism is not well built, especially in those regions with more 211Us.
Therefore, in the future, the policymakers have to take actions in enhancing the
resource sharing mechanism between university and university, university and
business, university and research institution. Particularly in those areas with more
top 211Us, the resource sharing mechanism should be built to increase cluster
effect, andfinally optimize local business structure.
300 7 Concluding Remarks and Policy Implications