98 N. KONO ET AL.
Hernández-Muñoz et al. 2011 ; Batty et al. 2012 ). These indicators, as in
other streams of the literature, include infrastructure and physical environ-
ment components (smart mobility, public transport networks, ICT acces-
sibility, etc.) and smart environments (green space, air pollution, energy/
water effi ciency, etc.).
Interestingly, European SCs emphasize non-physical factors such as
smart people, smart governance, and smart living more than Japanese SCs
do. Future Internet, an EU alliance that advances Europe’s competitiveness
through future Internet technologies, divides Internet technologies into two
distinct categories: IoT (Internet operated things) and IoS (Internet operated
services). It is believed that through both technologies, new real-life applica-
tions and services can be created in SCs (Hernández- Muñoz et al. 2011 ).
For several years, SCs have expanded without standardization. In
Japan, the Domestic Committee for International Standardization and
the International Standard Innovation Technology Research Association
(IS-INOTEK) created a target for ISO standardization in 2011. However,
France and the World Bank agreed to use SC criteria for the selection of
Global City Indicators as a standard of ISO (Mochizuki 2012 ).
In 2012, two ISO TCs (technical committees), ISO/TC268 and ISO/
TC268/SC1, were established to discuss the details of ISO for SCs. In
2014, ISO/TC268 introduced ISO37120, proposing “operating stan-
dards” of the residents and administration in SCs. On the other hand,
ISO/TC268/SC1 proposed ISO37150, focusing on a “measurement
standard” for related products of SCs (Smart City Council 2015 ).
In short, there emerged two kinds of ISOs for SCs: physical and non-
physical parts. Japan proposed ISO37150, which focuses on hard and tech-
nical factors, while France and WB proposed ISO37120, which focuses on
soft factors, such as management and business modelling.
Fig. 6.1 Smart grids and smart communities.
Source: Goda and Morozumi ( 2011 )