Low Carbon Urban Infrastructure Investment in Asian Cities

Table 6.10

Different forms of city development under various economic conditions
Energy

Waste

Transportation

Water

Slums or the poorest economies

• 
  

There are serious energy security issues and limited hours of electricity supply.

• 
  

Households are connected to a centralized grid system.

• 
  

LPGs are used for cooking energy, however, numerous households also use fi

rewood

and other traditional solid fuels for cooking energy.

• 
  

No proper waste management system.

• 
  

Limited local government waste management efforts.

• 
  

A signifi

cant proportion of slum

household livelihoods depend on waste recycling (informal).

• 
  

Poor liquid waste (storm, drain and sewerage) management systems that require considerable attention.

• 
  

Most slum dwellers are pedestrians, however, some also use bicycles and public transportation for mobility purposes.

• 
  

Hawker carts are used in the informal economy.

• 
  

No regular water supply (w/s).

• 
  

Community based w/s system available only for a few hours a day (e.g., two to three hours daily).

• 
  

Although hand pumps are used for water extraction, water quality levels are unsatisfactory.

Mid-level countries

• 
  

In urban areas, stable electric power supplies have begun to be secured.

• 
  

Improvements in concerns regarding the diversifi

cation

of energy sources.

• 
  

Gaps between and farming villages.

• 
  

In urban areas, fi

xed recovery

programs have been initiated.

• 
  

Spaces are dedicated intravenous business activities.

• Gaps between farming villages.


• 
  

Correspondence on an increase in transportation with considerable GHG discharge from private cars.

• 
  

Aggravation of traffi

c

congestion or air pollution levels.

• 
  

Stable water supplies in urban areas.

• 
  

Uncertain sanitation levels.

• 
  

Gaps between cities and farming villages.

Developed countries

• 
  

Smart grid systems with distributed power sources.

• 
  

Self-managed power plants that use renewables.

• 
  

Hydrogen reuse system.

• Cogeneration.


• 
  

Collection and management systems based on IT.

• 
  

3R (reuse reduce recycle) policies.

• 
  

Bio energy generated from solid waste.

• 
  

EVs used as batteries for building.

• ITS. •

Advanced public transit systems.

• Advanced NMT systems. • Car sharing systems.


• 
  

Renewable energy sources for water facilities (micro hydro, solar power, wind power, etc.).

• 
  

Water looping serves as another solution (grey water use).