© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 123
J. Jupesta, T. Wakiyama (eds.), Low Carbon Urban Infrastructure
Investment in Asian Cities, Cities and the Global Politics of the
Environment, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59676-5_7
CHAPTER 77.1 CONCLUSION
This book presents several case studies on green infrastructure in Asian
countries, that is, China, India, Japan, and Indonesia. The following meth-
odologies were utilized: risk analysis, cost–benefi t analysis, integrated
assessment modelling, input–output analysis, and comparative analysis.
Cities are central to achieving low-carbon development targets. Green
infrastructure adoption in cities will require transformations in technology,
governance, and funding.
Several approaches have previously been employed to create low- carbon
cities across Asia. Given their extensive growth patterns, cities require
intensive urban infrastructure development. Constrained by local govern-
ment capabilities, urban infrastructure funding has become a critical issue.
Against this backdrop, several development projects are already exploring
and examining new funding mechanisms through engagement with
various stakeholders (e.g., public–private partnerships). Several cities in
China, Indonesia, and Japan have invested in green city initiatives. Among
others, the Low-carbon Urban Infrastructure Investment Project for
China, Indonesia, and Japan, funded by the Asia-Pacifi c Network for
Global Change Research (APN), attempts to address pathways to green
infrastructure investment in these countries at the city level, which is also
referred to as a form of smart investment. Through this type of invest-
ment, economic growth and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions
Conclusions and Ways Forward
Joni Jupesta and Takako Wakiyama