4 J. JUPESTA ET AL.
traits that are typically relevant to four representative city sectors: energy,
waste, transportation, and water. The paper also examines policies in these
sectors, including regulations, standards, planning and administrative
directions, economic measures, voluntary actions, and environmental
ethics. The chapter later discusses possible applications of the concept to
the context of developing countries—and particularly to slum areas in
India—and then presents an example of how concepts from smart city
(SC) development may be applied in the energy sector in slum areas in
India. Finally, the chapter elaborates upon the opportunities for the
application of SC concepts in developing countries and introduces the
leapfrogging model.
1.3 T HE FOCUS OF THIS BOOK
This project will be used as guidance that shows how cities in select coun-
tries play a key role in the green growth agenda by stimulating growth
through smart investment in urban infrastructure: by building physical
infrastructure, by using fi nancial and tax incentives, by fostering renewable
energy supplies, and by increasing societal awareness of sustainable
lifestyles. The roles of cities should also include systematic institutional
governance that improves coordination among involved institutions
(national and local governments, local communities, academics, and
industries).
As for Asia, lessons learned from the three cities examined in our study
show that unplanned and unstructured urban growth will signifi cantly
increase economic, social, and environmental costs. Funding for low- carbon
infrastructure projects in cities may be generated by incentivizing low-car-
bon technologies such as solar PV and by fostering clean development
mechanisms (CDM) and energy effi ciency measures through market mech-
anisms and/or policy interventions such as those employed in Yokohama,
Shanghai, and Jakarta. These fi ndings correspond with the fi ndings of the
New Climate Economy Report that some cities may serve as powerful evi-
dence that more compact and connected urban development based on
mass public transportation can generate cities that are economically
dynamic and healthier and that generate fewer GHG emissions.
Chapter 2 fi rst identifi es the risks associated with investing in renewable
energy and the fi nancial methods that may be used when promoting
renewable energy sources (Sect. 2.2 ). Second, the chapter analyses the
current status of global warming action plans and strategies that are