62 R.G. DEWI ET AL.
6.67 mtoe to 23.33 mtoe, and primary energy supplies will increase from
11.3 mtoe to 50 mtoe.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
DKI Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, is one of the world’s megaci-
ties, with a population of 10 million living on 662 km^2 of land area and
6977 km^2 of sea area (Widodo 2013 ). DKI Jakarta is a coastal city (±40 %
of land area falls below sea level) located in a tropical region with dry and
rainy seasons. Several rivers that fl ow across the city combined with low
topographical features make Jakarta prone to fl ooding during the wet sea-
son and when high sea tides occur. In addition, a lack of water level con-
trol infrastructure, deforestation in areas surrounding DKI Jakarta, and
complex socioeconomic problems also indirectly trigger fl ooding events.
These conditions render the city vulnerable to the effects of climate
change, and particularly to the rise of sea levels and rainfall intensities. The
term “city” is used to refer to the province of DKI Jakarta.
The city’s population grew by 1 %/year from 2005 to 2010. The
city contributes signifi cantly to the national economy. Generating a
GDP of approximately 396 trillion rupiah (at constant prices in 2000)
in 2010, DKI Jakarta accounts for 17 % of Indonesia’s GDP value. The
GDP value increased by 6.5 %/year from 2005 to 2010. The main con-
tributors to the city’s GDP include the tertiary/commercial (73 %) and
secondary/manufacturing industries (15 %) (Widodo 2013 ). The city
is characterized by high motorized vehicle (cars and motorcycles) den-
sity levels and by limited public transport infrastructure. Population
growth, economic characteristics, and transportation conditions have
resulted in high GHG emission levels, that is, 3.84 tons of CO 2 e per
capita (2005), with the energy sector accounting for 89 % of total
GHG emissions. As a comparison, during the same year, national GHG
emissions measured 3.01 tons of CO 2 e per capita (RAD GRK DKI
Jakarta 2012 ).
In response to these conditions and to general climate change issues,
in 2010, the Governor of DKI Jakarta announced “non-binding com-
mitments” to reduce GHG emissions to 30 % below the baseline emis-
sion level () in 2030. To achieve reduction targets, the government
of DKI Jakarta developed a mitigation action plan entitled the RAD
GRK in 2012. This mitigation action plan complements mainstream
international development concepts, that is, low-carbon development