66 R.G. DEWI ET AL.
- deployment of energy-effi cient devices in the transport, industry,
and commercial/residential sectors, - transport fuel change from oil fuels to low-carbon emitting fuels
(biofuel and gas), - transport mode changes (private to public), that is, MRT/mono
rail, train/double track, bus-way, - non-motorized transport increase (bike or walk) through infra-
structural improvements, - motor effi ciency improvements through fl ue gas monitoring,
- traffi c management (parking management, freight transport
scheduling, etc.), and - promotion of eco-driving.
4.3 R ESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF ENERGY SECTOR
DEVELOPMENT AND GHG EMISSIONSDKI Jakarta’s energy demand levels will increase signifi cantly, particularly
due to increasing transportation and industrial activity. Energy consump-
tion in 2005 reached 6.67 MTOE (5.5 % of all energy consumption in
Indonesia). Future energy consumption in DKI Jakarta will depend on
factors such as population growth, economic development, transport
Table 4.1 Socioeconomic variable (ExSS modelling input parameters)
Socioeconomic parameter Base year 2005 Target year 2030 Ratio 2030/2005
Population, millions 8.9 11.4 1.3
Number of households, millions 2.2 2.85 1.3
GDP (at constant prices in 2000),
trillions IDR
(^474 2347 5)
GDP per capita, millions IDR 53 206 3.9
Gross output, trillions IDR
- Primary 5.2 18.8 3.6
- Secondary 305 1250 4.1
- Tertiary (commercial/fl oor area) 594 3367 5.3
Passenger-transport demand,
billions psg. km
49 192 3.9Freight-transport demand, billions
ton km
15.8 61 3.8