Low Carbon Urban Infrastructure Investment in Asian Cities

ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON LOW-CARBON INVESTMENT... 85

Table 5.1 Top 20 strongest backward linkage sectors

No. Row/column sector name Backward linkage

1 Cars or vehicles 1.52

2 Basic petrochemical products and organic chemical products 1.47

3 Motor vehicle bodies and accessories 1.41

4 Iron and steel 1.37

5 Activities not classifi ed elsewhere 1.32

6 Internal combustion engines for motor vehicles and parts 1.30

7 Non-ferrous metals 1.27

7 Machinery for the offi ce and service industries,

with the exception of other offi ce machines

1.27

9 Other offi ce machines 1.22

9 Engines 1.22

9 Electronic information and communication equipment,

with the exception of radios and television sets

1.22

12 Transportation equipment 1.20
13 Final chemical products 1.19
14 Electronic components 1.17
15 Conveyors 1.16
16 Electricity (wind) 1.14
16 Electricity (solar PV – residence) 1.14
18 Pumps and compressors 1.13
19 Electrical machinery 1.12
19 Synthetic resins, fi bres, and medicaments 1.12
20 Special industrial machinery, with the exception of chemical
machinery

1.11

Source: Authors

Table 5.2 Major input
sectors for electricity (solar
PV – residence)

No. Input sectors Share

1 Construction repair 0.13

2 Education and research 0.12

3 Financial services 0.11

3 Non-ferrous metals 0.11

Source: Authors

distributes its outputs as inputs to other industries in the Japanese economy,
which are used in various sectors as inputs. The strong forward linkage found
for electricity (thermal power) indicates that Japanese electricity is heavily
dependent on thermal energy. In fact, in Japan in 2005, 60 % of the share of
electricity supply was thermal, 30 % was nuclear, and 0.9 % was renewable.
Therefore, many sectors use electricity (thermal) as industrial inputs.