Education and Globalization in Southeast Asia Issues and Challenges

120 Mohamad Fahmi

are summarized in Table 5.2. A total of the 71,882 respondents are excluded
as they are outside the age range of interest. Moreover, 11,120 respondents
who did not graduate from upper secondary school are excluded. Some of
respondents still attending upper secondary school are also excluded. A
further 3,628 observations are dropped due to missing information on one
or multiple variables. Most of the these respondents (1,935) are excluded
due to missing information on place of residence when they were 12 years
old, while 1,451 respondents are dropped due to missing information on
results of final exams in either lower or upper secondary school. Another
242 observations are dropped due to missing information either on family
income, number of students in the latest class attended in lower and upper
secondary school, type of lower and upper secondary school, foregone
income, whether working when studying in lower secondary school, or
failed a grade in upper secondary school.

4.2 Descriptive Statistics

I present two descriptive statistics of the sample in Table 5.3 and Table
5.5. Table 5.3 presents the descriptive statistics of the sample by highest
education undertaken by the respondents, while Table 5.5 presents the
summary statistics by type of upper secondary school. The definitions of
the variables are provided in Table 5.4.
In the sample, the number of students who attend higher education is
lower than the number of students who do not continue to higher education.
Only about 32 per cent of students continue on to higher education. The
proportion of females is slightly higher than males in both groups. Based

TABLE 5.1

Number in Sample by IFLS

Wave Upper Secondary Higher Education Total

IFLS2 and IFLS3
IFLS2 and IFLS4
IFLS2, IFLS3, and IFLS4
IFLS3
IFLS3 and IFLS4
IFLS4

349

320

187

323

124

548

330

338

396

332

328

286

1,3 79

1,3 28

1, 283

1,3 25

1, 152

1, 834

Total 951 449 1,400