124 Mohamad Fahmi
Table 5.5 shows the characteristics of individuals by the four types
of upper secondary school. In terms of higher education participation,
individuals from the private Christian group have the highest rate for
higher education participation with more than half respondents (57.4 per
cent) continuing on to higher education. Public schools considered to have
better inputs than private schools have a 43 per cent participation rate.
This rate is considerably higher than the other two private school groups,
private non-religious and private Islamic with participation rates of only
13 per cent and 25.9 per cent respectively.
Female students outnumber male students in all schools, except in
private Islamic schools. The proportion of male students in private Islamic,
private non-religious, public and private Christian schools are 50.7, 47.0,
45.4 and 38.4 per cent, respectively. Muslim students are the majority in all
schools including in private Christian schools. The proportion of Muslim
students in private Christian schools is 57.5 per cent whereas in public
schools and other private schools the proportion is higher than 85 per cent.
Most of the private Islamic school students lived in a village area when
they were 12 years old, whereas most of the students from public schools
and other private schools lived in either a city or town area.
In terms of socio-economic status, public and private Christian school
students mostly come from high SES families. About 30.1 per cent of
fathers from the private Christian school group attended higher education,
whereas 28.2 per cent of fathers from public school group attended higher
education. On the other hand, the percentage of private non-religious
and private Islamic students whose father attended higher education
are only 13.5 and 16.9 per cent respectively. As with fathers’ educational
background, the education of mother in public and private Christian schools
is higher than in the other two private school groups. The proportion of
students in the public and private Christian school groups whose mother
attended higher education are 17.3 and 20.5 per cent, whereas in the
private non-religious and private Islamic school groups are 8.3 and 7.9 per
cent respectively. Moreover, in terms of family income, public school and
private Christian school groups have also higher incomes than the private
non-religious school and private Islamic school groups. Despite the fact
that students in private Christian schools come from high SES families,
the proportion of students who worked while attending upper secondary
school (WORKSMA) is the highest among all the groups. The proportion
of students who worked while attending upper secondary education