Index 199
Private Higher Education
Institution Act (1996), 23–24
Razak Report (1956), 21–22
Malaysian Ministry of Education, 142
Malaysian primary education, 11,
142–43
drop-out rates, 145, 148
Education Act (1961), 155
ethnic group membership, 148–50
government expenditure on
education, 154–55
national examination, students’
performance on, 151–53
net enrolment ratio, 143–44
net intake rate, 144–45
“no school fees” policy, 155
out-of-school children, 146, 147, 150
programmes affecting access and
retention, 156–60
Razak Report (1956), 156
socio-economic groups, 146
special needs students, 150–51
student-teacher ratio, 151
survival rate, 145
teacher’s qualification, 163n4
transformation plan (2013-25), 162
urban/rural residents, 146–48
Malaysian Qualifications Agency:
Rating System for Higher
Education Institutions, 100
Malaysia’s Vision 2020, 86
matriculation examination, 190n14
Memartabatkan Bahasa Malaysia
Memperkukuh Bahasa Inggeris
(MBMMBI), 24, 31, 38–40, 47–52
meritocracy
to increase quality, 108–109
student admissions based on, 92–94
Ministry of Education (MOE), 84, 142
five-year transformation plan
(2013–18), 164n7
governance in education, 169
institutional culture, 5, 167, 186, 187
levels of administration, 170
promoting access and retention,
157, 164n6
Ministry of Education and Culture
(MEC), 114
Ministry of Higher Education
(MOHE), 84, 101, 103
Ministry of National Education
(MNE), 114
Ministry of Religious Affairs (MRA),
114
Ministry of University Affairs (MUA),
64, 78
Mon National Education Committee
(MNEC), 185
Mon State, national education system,
167–68, 184–85
multiculturalism, 2
multilateral organizations, 4
Myanmar/Burma, primary and
secondary education
administration level, 170–71,
180–81
Basic Education Law (1973), 171,
190n7
2008 Constitution, 171
contemporary provision of, 173–75
decentralization in.
See decentralization policy
deconcentration form, 179
fiscal level, 181–82
government in, 168–69
Human Development Index, 173
institutional culture of, 186–88
language and literature, 173
matriculation examination, 190n14
Ministry of Education, 167, 169–72
Mon State, 167–68
national education systems, 182
National Network for Education
Reform, 172