. tzanha shugend in the early modern period 1023
permitted to attain high-ranking offices. In the fifth month of 1873,
all former shugenja under Sanbōin’s control were surveyed. In 1874,
Sanbōin gathered these shugenja and performed monastic ordinations
for them. Afterward, the use of the title shugenja, performance of com-
binative rituals, wearing Shugendō robes, and conducting divinations
and geomancy were prohibited.
In 1878, the former shugenja were given a distinct status within the
school due to objections from Shingon clerics, who feared that for-
mer shugenja would have equal status with clerics. They were barred
from wearing certain styles of monastic robes, conducting certain eso-
teric rites, and attaining high monastic ranks (Miyake 2006, 49). After
the end of the Second World War, Shugendō underwent a period of
revival. However, whereas the former Honzanha reorganized under
the administration of Shōgoin and Kinpusenji , the former
Tōzanha remains incorporated into the Shingon Daigojiha
(Miyake 2006, 54).