. esoteric buddhism in the nanzhao & dali kingdoms 383
compiled by the monk Xuanjian (n.d.); the Da guanding yi
(Ritual for the Grand Abhiṣeka);^14 the Zhu fo pusa jin’gang
deng qiqing yigui (Ritual Proceedings for
Invoking All Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, Vajra[pālas], etc.),^15 a manuscript
that was copied by the monk Zhao-ming (n.d.) and dated 1136
C.E.; the Tongyong qiqing yigui (Ritual Proceedings for
Invocation);^16 Mijiao sanshi yi (Secret Teaching’s Ritual
for Bestowing Food);^17 Mijiao qiqing cideng (Secret
Teaching’s Invocation in Successive Order);^18 Mijiao guanxing cideng
(Secret Teaching’s Practice of Contemplation in Suc-
cessive Order);^19 the Dahei tianshen yigui (Ritual Pro-
ceedings for [the Worship of] Mahākāla);^20 the Da zizai suijiu fomu
qiqing yigui (Ritual Proceedings for Invit-
ing Mahāpratisarā, Mother of Buddhas);^21 the Raśmivimalaviśuddha-
prabhā-dhāraṇī sūtra (T. 1024; a main source on the making of stūpas
and pagodas); the Jin’gangsaduo huoweng tan shou guan yi
vajra’s version, played an important part in formulating the close relationship that
existed between the Nanzhao rulers and Buddhism as mentioned in the Huguo cinan
chao (presently in the Provincial Library of Yunnan, Kunming). For a translation and
detailed discussion of the Renwang jing in connection with kingship, see Orzech 1998.
(^14) Kept in the Provincial Library of Yunnan, it is discussed in Lan 1991, 294–295.
(^15) The manuscript is presently kept in the Provincial Library of Yunnan, no. 00982
and is discussed in Lan 1991, 304–305. It consists of a compilation of verses and
mantras for invoking various Esoteric Buddhist divinities including the thousand-
armed Avalokiteśvara, Mañjuśrī, and Samantabhadra, as well as protectors, such as
the mahākrodha Vajrayakṣa, apparantly lifted from the ritual works of Amoghavajra.
It features many textual anomalies and variations when compared with the text from
which it was copied. The colophone reads:
Hence, the Buddhist disciple, holder of vidyā (chiming ), the monk Ven.
Zhao-ming, with the worldly name Yang Yilong, on behalf of the young male
Yang Longjun and on behalf of himself and others, copied the Zhu fo pusa jin-
gang deng qiqing in one roll [consisting of] one hundred leaves.... Recorded on
16 the 15th day of the 9th month in the 8th royal year of Baotian.
Kept in the Provincial Library of Yunnan, no. 00984, and discussed in Lan
1991, 294. 17
Kept in the Provincial Library of Yunnan, no. 00983.
(^18) Kept in the Provincial Library of Yunnan, no. 00985.
(^19) Kept in the Provincial Library of Yunnan, no. 00986.
(^20) ZWF, First Series, vol. 6, pp. 372–81. See also T. 1287.21:355b–358a.
(^21) This manuscript is reported to have been among the hoard of manuscripts found
at Beitangtian outside Dali in 1956. Now in the Provincial Library of Yun-
nan. Cf. Sørensen. “Textual Material Relating to Esoteric Buddhism in China Outside
Taishō, Vols. 18–21,” in this volume. There are several Esoteric Buddhist texts devoted
to the worship of this female divinity, including T. 1154–1156a. As is the case with many
of the Dali Buddhist manuscripts this work seems to represent a local tradition.