448 charles d. orzech
Faxian. Dānapāla accounts for one hundred and fifteen texts; Dhar-
madeva has forty-four listed. Eleven texts appear in the Taishō under
the name of Fahu, none of them esoteric. However, there were two
monks with this name, the first of whom returned to India in short
order; the second, Dharmapāla (963–1058), translated the Hevajra-
tantra. Translators worked in teams, so attributions indicate the lead
translator. The main sources of information for these monks’ activities
are Zhipan’s Fozu tong ji, the Song huiyao, the Dazhong xiangfu fabao
lu, and the Jingyou xinxu fabao lu.^38 Devaśāntika,
Dānapāla, and Dharmadeva accounted for the overwelming bulk of
production at the Institute. Takeuchi Kōzan puts the number of eso-
teric works translated at one hundred and twenty-three, totaling two
hundred and twenty-eight fascicles; forty-four Mahāyāna works total-
ing one hundred and sixty-nine fascicles were translated.^39
Dharmadeva
Dharmadeva (Fatian, d. 1001) was from Magadha and studied at
Nālanda. The first of the new translators to reach the Song, he had
set out for China with his brother and two other monks but only the
two brothers reached their destination; the other two companions died
along the way.^40 They met Fajin , a monk trained in Sanskrit,
and began translating the texts they had carried with them in Fuxian
(Shaanxi province). The translation team included the prefec-
tural official Wang Guicong (fl. 970s). Reports of their work
reached the capital and they were summoned to court, arriving there
in 979 or 980. Dharmadeva is credited with forty-four translations,
among them a retranslation of the Subāhu-paripṛcchā (T. 896), the
Uṣṇīṣavijayādhāraṇī sūtra (T. 974a), and numerous shorter dhāraṇī
scriptures.^41
Devaśāntika/Faxian (Dharmabhadra)
Apparently from Kaśmīr and the cousin of Dānapāla, he entered
monastic life at age twelve at the Milin monastery ( , Tamasāvana
(^38) For an appraisal of these texts, especially of the last two sources (which were
recovered only in the twentieth century), see Jan 1966a, 27–30.
(^39) Takeuchi 1975, 35.
(^40) SHY, 200 (daoshi 1): 7891a.
(^41) Sen 2002, 44.