. translation of tantras 449
saṅghārama?) in Jālandradhara, and initially trained in grammar and
philology (Śabdavidya shengming xue ). While traveling to
China Devaśāntika and Dānapāla were detained in Dunhuang before
escaping and arriving at the Song court in 980.^42 He was a strong advo-
cate for the translation project and petitioned the emperor to pro-
vide novices to be trained in Sanskrit to insure the viability of the
institute.^43 In 987 the emperor bestowed the name Faxian on him. He
was a prolific translator with some ninety-four works to his credit,
including Mahāyāna scriptures on Mañjuśrī and Prajñāpāramitā^44
and a wide range of esoteric scriptures—some deeply concerned with
the cemetery cult. Most significant are the Kāraṇḍavyūha sūtra (the
source of Avalokiteśvara’s famous mantra Oṃ maṇi padme hūṃ);^45
the Māyājālamahātantra,^46 a manual for the worship of the goddess
of the military arts, Mārīcī;^47 the Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa,^48 a text whose
title is suspiciously similar to a Vināyaka manual that was supposedly
banned;^49 and a text to Bhairava;^50 as well as an assortment of dhāraṇī^
texts. It is notable that the last four named texts were not recorded in
the institute’s Catalogue.
Dānapāla
Dānapāla (d. 1018), Devaśāntika’s paternal cousin and traveling com-
panion, appears to have been a language prodigy, mastering many
(^42) SHY, 200 (daoshi 1): 7891b. It is unclear exactly where the cousins were from, as
there is contradictory evidence. See Jan 1966a, 37.
(^43) See Sen 2002, 45; SHY, 200 (daoshi 1): 7891b; Xiangfu fabao lu: 418b8–18.
(^44) Foshuo shengfomu xiaozi banroboluomiduo jing
( T. 258) in 982, Foshuo guanxiang fomu banroboluomiduopusa jing
( T. 259), n.d., Foshuo dacheng shan jian bianhua Wenshushili
wen fa jing 45 ( T. 472), in 984.
Dasheng zhuangyan baowang jing ( T. 1050), translated in 983.
The mantra is found at 46 T. 1050.20:61b14. For a study of this text, see Studholme 2002.
Yuqie dajiaowang jing ( Māyājāla-tantra) (T. 890), translated in 995.
(^47) Foshuo da Molizhi pusa jing (T. 1257), translated 986–987.
The translation was logged in the Catalogue of the Dharma Treasure, ZDJ 73: 434a. For
a sample of various spells and mundane operations see 48 T. 1257.21:264b.
Da fangguang pusa zang Wenshushili genben yigui jing
49 (T. 1191), translated between 983–1000.
Jin’gang sato shuo Pinnayejia tian chengjiu yigui jing
50 (T. 1272), 989–999.
Foshuo miaojixiang yuqie dajiao jin’gang peiluozu lun guanxiang chengjiu yigui
jing (T. 1242), 989–999.