. the dissemination of esoteric scriptures 675
Table 1. Esoteric texts imported in Japan before Saichō and Kūkai (from Kushida, slightly modified).Author/translatorText nameWritten inImported inZhulüyan and Zhiqian230733Śrīmitra317–325733Jñānagupta594733Jñānagupta596733Xuanzang656733Xuanzang654733Divākara685733Ratnacinta693733Bodhiruci709735Zhiqian223–253736Buddhabhadra398–421736Guṇ̣abhadra435–443736Guṇaśāla462736Saṅghabhara506–520736Jñānagupta591736Xuanzang659736Xuanzang654736Xuanzang654736Yijing703736Yijing705736ZhiqianBefore 253737Nandi419737Tanwulan381–395737TanwulanBefore 395737