746 lucia dolce
in the Early Modern Period” in this volume). The cult of Kumano
and Yoshino , in particular, was developed by Onjōji
through Shōgoin, an affiliated imperial temple in Kyōto. The politi-
cal connections of Onjōji, too, extended independently from those of
Mt. Hiei. Sanmon and Jimon gained the support of different political
sponsors, according to historical periods. The Kamakura shogunate,
for example, more often privileged Jimon over Sanmon clerics, prob-
ably because of the Sanmon connections to the court. Jimon liturgists
alternated with liturgists of the Tōji lineage in the provision of ritu-
als to the shogun (Sasaki 1997). However, there also are examples of
prominent Sanmon monks at the service of the bakufu, such as Chūkai
(1159?–1227), who was the esoteric liturgist of the third shogun
Sanetomo (Hayami 2006a).
The “Thirteen Taimitsu Lineages”
Onjōji, like Tōji, did not establish sub-branches. From the mid-Heian
period, however, three imperial temples (monzeki ) were affili-
ated with it and considered part of the Jimon stream: the previously
mentioned Shōgoin, Enmanin , and Jissōin (Shidō
juhō nikki, T. 2413.77:137c;^3 Ōkubo 2005). The history of Taimitsu
multiple lineages thus concerns divisions only of the Sanmon branch.
Traditional scholarship speaks of “thirteen lineages,” but it is not clear
when these began being identified as such, nor is their interrelation
unequivocal. Miidera, for instance, is included as one of the thirteen
lineages, but other important lineages, such as Yōsai’s Yōjō-ryū
, or the Shosha-ryū founded by Shōkū , which
also transmitted the esoteric interpretations of the Yōjō line, are not
counted among them.^4
(^3) Shidō juhō nikki T. 2413 was compiled in 1391 by Gengō and contains the
transmission of his master Gongō.
(^4) A useful chart is included in Fukuda 1995: 487. For more detailed charts of each
lineage see MDJ (1968–1970) 6: 30-32. The thirteen lineages are: Sanke (or Kon-
pon daishi ryū ), Kawa (otherwise given as Jie daishi ryū ),
Mii (or Chishō Daishi ryū ), Inson , Renge , Sanmai ,
Butchō , Chisenin , Hōman , Anō , Nashimoto , Kudoku
and Ajioka. Fukuda claims that the first mention of thirteen lineages is in
ritual material attributed to Gongō, but other records of Gongō’s transmission, such
as the Shidō juhō nikki mentioned above, give only nine lineages—Renge, Kudoku
and Ajioka, as well as a distinct lineage named after Saichō, are omitted Ōkubo 2005.
The first historical source where the Taimitsu lineages are inequivocally mentioned
as thirteen is the sixteenth-century anthology Ōmushō compiled by Jōchin