254 clare k. rothschild
on the Περὶ Ζῴων studies by aristotle, theophrastus, and the paradoxogra-
phers.43 the fragment from eupolis possesses only the single word ἐφάπαξ
perhaps in the sense of “alone.”44 aristoph. byz. 2.439.3 is an excerpt on
how to parent bird fledglings.45
the tlG differentiates between ἐφάπαξ and ἐφ’ ἅπαξ.46 Hits for the for-
mer do not include the latter. the tlG registers sixty-five hits (02/11/13)
for the two-word phrase ἐφ’ ἅπαξ.47 of these hits, however, no occurrence
predates Paul’s letters. the earliest incident is found in the fourth-century
theologian Gregory of nyssa with reference to neither rom 6:10 nor 1 cor
15:6, but paul himself.48
of the other one hundred and ninety-five occurrences of the single
word ἐφάπαξ, not including the five new testament occurrences, a major-
ity cites or alludes to the new testament (excluding four occurrences in
cassius dio [ca. 155 or 163/164 to after 229 ce] also noted by Jewett).49
eusebius, Hist. eccl. 1.12.4, for example, deploys the adverb in a citation of
43 OCD, 165.
44 cf. 173: ταγηνοκνισοθήρας; 174: λευκὴ ἡμέρα; and 176: περίστατοι; 177: συμπαροίκους.
Κock takes the fragment from the anonymous ANTIATTIKISTHS in: I. bekker, Anecdota
Graeca (3 vols.; berlin: G. c. nauckium, 1814), 1:96 (line 17). the ANTIATTIKISTHS is a
second-century ce atticist lexicon. Its anonymous author argues for a broader definition
of attic, evidently claiming that even single occurrences of words, provided the author
is attic, makes the word acceptable attic. the suitability of many of the words seems to
have been a matter of dispute among stricter atticists. see “antiatticista” (3.2.9) in elea-
nor dickey, Ancient Greek Scholarship (oxford: oxford university press, 2007), 97–98. the
entry containing ἐφάπαξ reads as follows: ’Εφάπαξ: Εὔπολις Κόλαξιν. also of note, according
to I. c. storey, eupolis is frequently cited as exemplar of unusual usages. see Eupolis, Poet
of Old Comedy (oxford: oxford university press, 2003), 36. this evidence is of importance
for the present thesis insofar as the fragment containing ἐφάπαξ attributed to eupolis too
originates after rom 6:10 in a text treating unusual usage!
45 πτητικῶν ζῳοτόκον. τίκτει γὰρ σκυμνία, καὶ ταῦτα θηλάζει ἅμα πετομένη, ὑπὸ τὰς μασχάλας
αὐτὰ ἔχουσα. τίκτει δὲ δύο ἐφάπαξ (“at one time”) καὶ τρία· λέγεται δὲ καὶ τετριχῶσθαι μικροῖς
καὶ δυσθεωρήτοις τριχιδίοις.
46 text editors typically construe one word when context demands an adverb. bdF §12:
on orthography: “word division.” the prepositional phrase ἐφ’ ἅπαξ may be, however,
adverbial. It is unclear whether paul or the author of Hebrews viewed ἐφάπαξ as a com-
pound or two separate words.
47 two hundred and sixty-one hits in an advanced proximity search entering both ἐφ’
ἅπαξ and ἐφάπαξ in separate boxes and clicking “or (same text as)” followed by textual
search (12/02/09).
48 πότε εἴρηται παρὰ τοῦ μεγάλου Παύλου καὶ τοῦτο ἐφ’ ἅπαξ περὶ αὐτοῦ, ὅτι ὑπήκοος
ἐγένετο (Refutatio confessionis Eunomii 134). the passage discusses phil 2:8.
49 dio cassius, Hist. Rom. 66.17.15.5; 69.2.3; s211.4; s246. robert Jewett notes these paral-
lels (Romans, 407 n.181); see n.26. In his writing style, dio famously attempted to imitate
thucydides. However, he fell short in a number of different ways including arrangement,
accuracy, clarity, and (hence) cogency.