Tissue Engineering And Nanotheranostics

“9.61x6.69” b2815 Tissue Engineering and Nanotheranostics

Plasmonic Nanoparticles Application in Biosensor and Bioimaging 189

light activation, PS generates highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species

(ROS), particularly singlet oxygen (O 2 ), which triggers cell apoptosis

and necrosis.^217 For instance researchers used AuNRs–AlPCS4 com­

plexes for PDT. AuNRs–AlPCS4 complexes were injected to mouse,

and PS were released from the surface of AuNRs and showed highly

phototoxic features with irradiation of NIR light in tumor region after

passive accumulation by enhancing permeability and retention effect

(EPR), while non­phototoxic effects were observed in the blood cir­

culation. The tumor­to­background ratio increased and tumor growth

was decreased by 79% with PDT.^218 In addition to the assisted applica­

tion of plasmon nanoparticles, spherical AuNPs can be directly used

as PS. Zhao et al. in 2012 reported that 808 nm fs pulsed laser excita­

tion polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated AuNRs could generate 1 O 2

and induce significant cell death.^219

PTT employed photothermal agents are applied in selective heat­

ing of the local environment to produce cells or for tissue destruction.

AuNPs, particularly AuNRs, intensively absorb the NIR light range

due to LSPR to heat themselves and warm up local tumor. This kind

of PTT involved in plasmon nanoparticle is proposed as plasmonic

PTT (PPTT). El­Sayed et al.^200 demonstrated with AuNRs for selec­

tive PPTT using CW NIR lasers, they found that half the laser energy

(10 W/cm^2 ) was required to damage the cancer cells compared with

normal cells (20 W/cm^2 ). Various work on PPTT­used plasmon

nanoparticle demonstrate that the optimal wavelength and intensity

of irradiation of NIR light could be tuned by controlling its shape,

size and particles components.220,221 Most notably, the work by Halas

et al. showed that laser dosages is required to induce tumor damages

to drop to 4–10% for traditional PTT, which could minimize the

damage to normal tissue.222,223

References

1. Anker JN, et al. Biosensing with plasmonic nanosensors. Nat. Mater.
   7 (6), 442–453 (2008).


2. Mayer KM, Hafner JH. Localized surface plasmon resonance
   sensors. Chem. Rev. 111 (6), 3828–3857 (2011).