Tissue Engineering And Nanotheranostics

b2815 Tissue Engineering and Nanotheranostics “9.61x6.69”

220 Tissue Engineering and Nanotheranostics

(2) Blood can change the characteristics of nanoparticles; and

(3) Magnetic nanoparticles tend to cluster together.49–50 Such clusters

can become large so that the nano advantage is lost.

In the following part we consider methods for overcoming these

difficulties.

6. Potential Improvements and Technological Advances

The enormous potential of using nanoparticles to treat cancerous

tumors will not be realized unless one or more nanoparticles can be

imbedded into all of the cells within the tumor. Here are a few quotes

of prominent researchers:

In the abstract of their paper Azarmi et al.^51 state:

“The targeted delivery of drug molecules to organs of specific sites

is one of the most challenging research areas in the pharmaceutical

sciences.” (2008)

In the Abstract of their paper von Maltzahn, Park, Lin et al.^52 state:

“...our ability to efficiently have these materials (nanoparticles) to

regions of disease in vivo remains very limited.” (2011)

Finally, Sengupta and Sasisekharan^53 state:

“There are still bottle necks in the existing ‘homing’ technologies...

This emphasizes the need for more targeting strategies.” (2007)

Our objective in this chapter is to present such a strategy. The con­

cept is simple: we noted at the end of Sec. 2 that when centriole devel­

opment goes awry, for whatever reason, multiple (supernumerary)

centrioles can be developed. When this happens, the cell division rate

can increase without bound and tumors can occur. References.21,31 pro­

vide a listing of papers showing that supernumerary centrioles in a cell

are a hallmark of cancer.

We also saw in Sec. 3 that centrioles via their microtubules

have an EM field. Supernumerary centrioles in a cancer cell will

thus have an overall increased EM field. This increased field can

then be a biomarker for magnetized therapeutic nanoparticles.