Index 473Caste system, 6, 77, 167, 169,
172–173, 226
Backward Status and,
180–181
clean and unclean in,
198–200
and occupation, 175–176
resistance to, 164, 193
Sikhs and, 227, 228, 229,
230–231
social justice and, 178–179
and varna system, 160,
174–175
and Vedic creation myth,
173–174
village structure and,
176–178
Catholic Church, Catholi-
cism, 362, 444, 463, 464
Cave art, Buddhist, 167
Caves, burial jars in, 381
Caves of the Thousand Bud-
dhas, sacred texts in,
62–64, 73n1
Cemeteries, Anyang, 246,
247(illus.)
Central Asia, 8–9, 45, 48,
78–79, 85, 220, 271, 275
Amazon myth in, 93–94
and China, 83–84
women in, 93–94
Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA), and Vietnam War,
116
Cephalic index, 416
Ceremonies. See Festivals; Rit-
uals
Ceylon, 371, 444
Chae Yong-sin, 349
Chaghatai, 99
Chaitanya, 207
Chaitong, 121, 124(illus.), 134
rituals of, 135–138
Chakravartin, 377
Chakri dynasty, and Emerald
Buddha, 394–395, 398
Chakwara, untouchables in,
178–179
Chamars, 175
Champa, 463
Chams, 463
Chan Buddhism, 216, 272, 336
Chandashoka (Ashoka the
Fierce), 213–214
Chandragupta Maurya, 164
Chang’an (Changan; Xi’an),
13, 18, 20, 61, 79, 314,
320
Buddhism in, 268–269
Zhou capital at, 250, 252
Chao Phau Tong Khyang, 403
Chao Phrya River, 23, 29, 388,
389
Charismatic holiness, in
Sufism, 222
Charles, Prince, 435
Charles II, King, 448
Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales,
96
Chengde, 102
Chengmengmai, 120, 121,
122, 127
Chenla, kingdoms of, 386
Cheondoism, 363
Ch’ewon, 357, 358
Chiang Kai-shek, 20, 286
Chiangmai (Chiang Mai),
132, 394, 395, 461
Chiang Yee, 58
Chieftains, in Japan, 319–320
Chien Ti (Jiandi), 19
Chikafusa, 13
Child betrothals, 132, 285
Chin, 117, 461
China, 3, 5, 6, 26, 28, 41, 55,
59, 61, 77, 78, 79, 110,
149, 171, 203, 235, 236,
240, 245–246, 363, 380,
435, 445
ancestor worship in,
278–280
barbarian conquests of,
275–276
bronze in, 248–249
Buddhism in, 4, 215, 216,
267–273
and Central Asia, 83–84
as civilization, 94–95
communist reforms in,
284–285Confucianism in, 263–267,
276–277, 286, 288--94
Confucius and Laozi in,
254–260
cultural and political unifi-
cation in, 241–242
cultural sphere of, 7–8
earthquakes in, 13, 15
Empress Wu in, 272–273
ethnic groups in, 114–115
funeral rituals in, 273–274
gender relations in, 288–289
Han dynasty in, 17–18, 83,
86–87, 264
Homo erectus in, 34–35
hydraulic engineering,
19–21
Japan and, 237, 301–304,
313–314, 315
kinship and gender rela-
tions in, 276–77
and Koguryo, 236–237,
354–355
Kublai Khan in, 99–100
lineage organization in,
280–284
Miao (Hmong) in, 115,
116, 117–120
Neo-Confucianism in,
274–276
opium trade in, 123,
125–126, 453, 454–457
patriarchy in, 276–277
power of state in, 244–245
Qin Shihuang in, 149,
261–263
rice cultivation, 28, 29–30
sacred texts in, 59–60
scholarship in, 7–8
Shang dynasty in, 246–250
and Southeast Asia, 371,
377
Southeast Asian trade,
389–391
terra-cotta army in,
260–261(illus.)
trade-tribute system of,
441–442
Treaty Century and,
457–458