The Economist May 21st 2022 Culture 79
the use of comics in psychotherapy as part
of his training as a counsellor in Britain,
notes that readers develop empathy with,
say, superheroes as they endure and over
come trials. So why, patients can gently be
asked, “can’t you experience that same lev
el of compassion for yourself?” In a similar
way, “pathographies”, usually autobio
graphical accounts of illnesses such as bi
polar disorder or depression, can coax peo
ple to be kinder to themselves.
In cases of trauma, such as sexual as
sault or posttraumatic stress disorder,
drawing offers a sense of control when re
visiting painful memories. The panelby
panel format allows patients to regulate
the pace at which they reconstruct the
events in question. They can identify gaps
in the story and present the episode and
those involved from their perspective.
Doctors can benefit from comics, too. A
study of clinicians who read “My Degener
ation”, Peter DunlapShohl’s account of life
with Parkinson’s disease, found the graph
ic novel enhanced their empathy for suf
ferers. Crafting one can be a selfhelp tool
for medical professionals as well as pa
tients. After trying writing and painting as
ways to deal with the stress of her work as
an hiv/aidsnurse in Chicago in the 1990s,
M.K. Czerwiec turned to comics. “This lit
tle combination of image and text in se
quential fashion”, she says, “was really,
really helpful for me.” She published her
drawings as a graphic novel in 2017, and
now teaches medical students how to use
art to cope with strains.
Heal thyself
The roles of comics are multiplying. They
can simplify medical information, making
arcane concepts more accessible to chil
dren and people with learning disabilities
or language barriers. Examples include
helping patients to grasp the notion of in
formed consent, understand how elec
tronic health records work or negotiate
handovers between carers. Government
health agencies are harnessing the medi
um for public education. In 2020 Stark
County, Ohio, commissioned Cara Bean,
an artist, and the Centre for Cartoon Stud
ies in Vermont to produce a comic to intro
duce pupils to mental health.
Behind this burst of activity is a group
of enthusiastic medical professionals and
artists. Some have been fans of the medi
um since childhood; others, such as Ms
Czerwiec, stumbled upon it as adults. In
2007 Ian Williams, a Welsh doctorturned
artist, made a website to gather those inter
ested in what he called “graphic medicine”.
The name stuck.
It is still a young field. Mr Williams—
who in 2014 published “The Bad Doctor”, a
semiautobiographical graphic novel
about a doctor with ocd—recalls being in
vited to speak at conferences as comic
relief rather than a practitioner. But a
growing body of evidence attests to the art
form’s uses, and new textbooks are codify
ing its applications. “The idea of graphic
medicine is getting into the medical main
stream now in a way which would have
been unimaginable ten years ago,” says Mi
chaelGreen,who teachesthesubject at
PennStateUniversityandguesteditsthe
digitalcomics section of Annals of
Internal Medicine, a respected journal.
Comics are not for everyone, notes Mr
Pollard, the researcher, and using them in
therapy requires tact and expertise. But he
can vouch for their potential from
his personal experience. Reading them
helped him overcome dyslexia. “If I hadn’t
hadanykindofcontactwithcomics,” he
reflects,“Ihavemydoubtsthat I would
havegonetouniversity.”n
Mankindandotheranimals
Arrival of the interspecies
I
nterspecieswasoncea technicalterm
used in science to describe how one spe
cies got along with another. Now it is a
word of more consequence: it evokes the
new connections between humans and
nonhumans that are being made possible
by technology. Whether it is satellite foot
age tracking geese at continental scale, or a
smartphone video of squirrels in a park,
people are seeing the 8.7m other species on
the planet in new lights. In “Ways of
Being”, James Bridle, a British artist and
technology writer, explores what this
means for understanding the many non
human intelligences on Earth.
Mr Bridle makes clear that three kinds
of minds are now interacting: human,
nonhuman and machine. Using artificial
intelligence (ai), machines will in future
have the capability to interpose them
selves as translators between human and
other biological life forms. The strength of
machine intelligence is its rapidity, repeti
tion and accuracy over time.
The author spots an immediate hitch:
ibm, Microsoft, Amazon, Google, Facebook
and other big technology firms are, he al
leges, “the number one driver of climate
change” and so of “global extinction”. That
is overcooking it, given that the same
companies build climate solutions and
disseminate knowledge, and that other in
dustries are much dirtier. What is true is
that profit is the main motive for advances
in ai; as yet nature does not get much of a
look in, and nonhuman intelligences go
unexplored outside zoology departments.
Computing is as focused on humans as
ever, even as climate change and biodiver
sityloss suggest it should devote much
greater attention to other species.
The first step towards an interspecies
future, Mr Bridle argues, is showing more
Artificial intelligence is set to change the way people relate to other beings
Ways of Being. By James Bridle. Farrar,
Straus and Giroux; 384 pages; $30.
Allen Lane; £20
An eye for an eye