80 Culture The Economist May 21st 2022
T
o hismanyadmirersoverthecentu
ries,GiacomoCasanova,wholived
from 1725 to1798,embodieda certain
kindoffreedom.Hewasanunapologetic
hedonist,indulginghisurgesindefiance
ofsocialconventionsandmoralhypocri
sy.A selfprofessedlibertine,helivedby
thephilosophythatpleasurewas“agift
ofGod”,andthatit wasmonstrousto
thinkGodenjoyed“thepains,sorrows
andabstinencethatpeopleofferin
sacrificetohim”.
AsLeoDamroschchroniclesin“Ad
venturer”,hisnewbiography,thisap
proachtookCasanovaintosomepretty
grimterritory.Inadditiontobeinga
serialseducer,by21stcenturystandards
hewasa rapist,a murderer,a child
abuser,a crookandanallroundscoun
drel.Hewasalsoanengagingstoryteller,
whose“Histoiredemavie” notonly
established him as the archetypal ladies’
man, but also provides one of the most
vivid and perceptive accounts of life and
manners in 18thcentury Europe.
Casanova was born in Venice, an
independent republic that had long since
transformed itself from a maritime
power to a tourist destination, in large
part by guaranteeing a degree of ano
nymity to seekers of illicit pleasure. A
child of actors in this city of masks,
Casanova was naturally inclined to play
fast and loose with his identity. From a
young age, the intelligent and ambitious
boy realised that he would have to enact
many different roles to satisfy his vora
cious appetites—and to enjoy a life in
keeping with his sense of himself as a
member of the aristocracy of talent, if
not that of birth. He variously passed
himself off as a nobleman, soldier, ma
gus, expert in finance and even a hydrau
lic engineer.
He is, of course, most famous for his
amorous escapades. In his telling he was
simply irresistible to women. Invariably
his partner comes to enjoy the experi
ence as much as he does—even when
that experience would today be consi
dered criminal, or at least exploitive. In
Casanova’s world, women are as sexually
adventurous as he is, and just as willing
to defy norms in pursuit of carnal grat
ification. In this, if nowhere else, Casa
novacanbeseenasa protofeminist,
acknowledging and even celebrating
women’s sexuality.
But, as Mr Damrosch points out, not
only is Casanova an unreliable narrator
of his libidinous career: the nature of his
conquests usually discounts any notion
of mutuality or consent. “Casanova”, Mr
Damrosch writes, “aspired to a life of
freedom from restraints—but freedom at
whose expense?” The answer is painfully
obvious in the scores of deceived, swin
dled, abandoned and abused victims
who populate these pages. The author is
cleareyed about Casanova’s faults. To
cite a typical example, in a case involving
the purchase of a 13yearold girl for sex,
he observes that his subject “seems
oblivious to the darker implications of
his actions”.
Ultimately, however, the indignation
seems inadequate. Why should modern
readers care about a man whose pursuit
of pleasure now seems much more sinis
ter than liberating, and whose idea of
freedom is merely the freedom to tram
ple the feelings of others? “Adventurer”
doesn’t excuse Casanova’s selfishness or
hide his cruelty, yet it fails to offer a
coherent critique of the inequalities that
he exploited. As colourful and entertain
ing as it often is, the book knocks Casa
nova off his pedestal without making a
compelling case for why readers should
follow Mr Damrosch into the mud.
Scoundrelsofyore
Pleasure without principle
Adventurer: The Life and Times of
Giacomo Casanova. By Leo Damrosch.
Yale University Press; 432 pages;
$35 and £25
The villain of his story
appreciation for other forms of intelli
gence (the “ways of being” of his title). To
some extent, this is already happening,
starting with cephalopods. Through films
and other initiatives many people now
know that octopuses have an advanced and
strange intelligence. Human beings’ last
common ancestor with the octopus lived
600m years ago, compared with 16m years
for the chimpanzee. Yet the octopus eye re
sembles the human kind. If similar eyes
can evolve through separate routes, so
might intelligences.
The next step, Mr Bridle asserts, is
recognising that people live in an “entan
gled” and “more than human” world.
Everything is messier than it seems. Other
intelligences have developed from a com
mon evolutionary base, and they overlap
in ways that science is just beginning to
discern. Mortal intelligence is not only
limited by its capacity, but by its type: peo
ple are bipedal primates who see and hear
better than they smell and touch.
Metamorphoses revisited
To see the world like this is in some ways a
return to the animism of bygone centuries,
an outlook reminiscent of Ovid. Yet the ter
ritory ahead is uncharted. Science may
soon crack the Rosetta Stone of animal lan
guages. That would mean the preferences
of other species are made explicit, and so
may intrude into law and politics.
Because technology has helped to
wreck nature, Mr Bridle finds himself sur
prised that the answer for drawing closer
to the living world is “sticking tiny digital
sensors on everything”. In time aimight
move beyond translation to engage with
other species. It could help in providing
them with security and veterinary care, for
instance, and eventually more sophisticat
ed services; should a system be developed
to ascribe value to plants and animals, a
form of digital money could even circulate
across species barriers.
Teaching ai about life on Earth will
require not just humans and hard drives,
but the scanning and input of all the “actu
al intelligences” of animals, trees, fungi
and brainsized microbial colonies.
Machines themselves may come to
resemble natural beings, subject to the
same evolutionary pressures as biological
life forms, and with their own capacity for
contemplative reflection.
“Ways of Being” would have benefited
from sharper editing. There are many Wi
kiheavy digressions in a book that could
have been half the length. Yet like the ran
domness in nature he celebrates, Mr
Bridle’s meandering is part of the effect. In
making clear the patience, imagination
and humility required to better know and
protect other forms of intelligence on
Earth, he has made an admirable contribu
tion to the dawning interspecies age.n