82 Culture The Economist May 21st 2022
F
ew languagesare so associated with
their written form as is Chinese. The
mere mention of the language calls to
mind an elaborate, beautiful and—to
outsiders—mysterious script. The Chi
nese themselves are extraordinarily
proud of it.
Without doubt, though, it is hard.
Opinions vary on how many characters a
user must know, but around 1,000 are
needed for minimal function; 6,000
8,000 is a common estimate for an edu
cated person. Characters are usually
assembled from smaller pieces, one of
which might give a clue to the meaning
and the other to its pronunciation. But
that is not always so, and in any case,
which piece goes where is not fixed.
Learning to write Chinese has always
been tough. As if that were not enough,
for centuries the few people who could
relied on its literary, classical form,
equivalent to the use of Latin in medieval
Europe. In the guise of poetry and prov
erbs, it is still in use today.
Bringing Chinese into the modern,
international and digital world is the
subject of “Kingdom of Characters”, a
fascinating book by Jing Tsu of Yale
University. First, the modernisers had to
replace classical Chinese. This involved
choosing one of the many mutually
unintelligible spoken varieties at a heat
ed conference in 1913. Wang Zhao, one of
the key figures there, chased another
delegate from the room for having called
him a “son of a bitch”—or so Wang
thought. The poor man had actually said
“rickshaw” in his southern dialect. Wang
and his allies overcame the southerners,
and the Mandarin of Beijing became
putonghua, the “common tongue”. The
written standard was based on it.
Ms Tsu goes on to detail the creativity,
false starts, rivalries and eventual tri
umphs that dragged Chinese into the 20th
century: the first typewriters, telegraph
codes and computerinput methods are at
the heart of her story. A digressive chapter
on the frenzied competition to create an
indexing method—for a language without
alphabetical order—gives a sense of the
challenge the modernisers faced.
At each step, China was inevitably
chasing other countries, borrowing ideas
and technology. This nearly led Mao Ze
dong to adopt romanisation of the Chi
nese language, which would have simpli
fied the task but disadvantaged speakers
of nonMandarin dialects and discarded
millennia of heritage. Instead, he in
troduced two initiatives. A committee
created a new romanletter transcription
of Chinese—called pinyin—but largely as
an aid to learning characters. And thou
sands of characters were simplified.
Regular use of pinyinwas once a rarity
for most Chinese, but these days it is
common: it is all but essential for dayto
day interaction with computers. People
use it to write on keyboards and smart
phones, entering the spelling and choos
ing the right character from a menu of
homophones. Other systems employ the
keys to combine the pieces of a Chinese
character. For the skilled, this method is
faster, but it is much trickier to learn.
International use of Chinese has not
grown at anything like the pace of Chi
na’s economy and global clout. The
difficulty of learning the written lan
guage is undoubtedly one reason why.
The difficulties of using it on a computer
are another. It is hard to imagine two
foreigners writing to each other in Chi
nese as many do in English.
That might one day change, as tech
nology finally becomes more of a help
than a hindrance. Today, artificial in
telligence has made inputting characters
easier. Like those familiar from autocor
rect and predictive text in other languag
es, new systems can guess which Chi
nese character a user wants, not just
from overall frequency but from sur
rounding words. People who handwrite
on their touchscreens have seen much
improved recognition of their inten
tions. And speechtotext software has
advanced for every language, meaning
that fewer users even need to touch a
keyboard to “write” Chinese.
More and more Chinese struggle to
handwrite rare characters from memo
ry, a “character amnesia” that worries
traditionalists. But in every other way,
technology, long an obstacle, is at last a
boon. Learning how to read and write
Chinese will still be hard. Yet with a tutor
and memoryaid in every pocket, you no
longer need the work ethic and prodi
gious memory of a scholar boning up for
the imperial civilservice exam—a bless
ing for foreign learners as well as natives.
Though unlikely to displace English,
Chinese may begin to have a global role
more commensurate with China’s own.
Technology is making it easier to write and learn Chinese
JohnsonEnter the dragon app
diacy using firsthand accounts, letters,
memoirs and reports in the viciously parti
san press. The book is raucous with opin
ion, as a civilwar history should be. One
heroic royal sortie from Oxford, accom
plished with dazzling courage and cun
ning, brought respite. But it proved brief.
The waves of hope and despair are well
caught and moving. A parliamentary sol
dier, his leg shattered in an early assault on
the house, slit his own throat as royalists
goaded him. Honora, the marchioness,
and her maids frantically stripped lead
from the turrets to recast as shot as scaling
ladders reached the walls. When the house
was finally breached, a clergyman’s daugh
ter was killed by a single swordblow to the
head as she tried to protect her father.
A contingent of Rawdon’s troops who
came from Snow Hill in the City of London
lend the narrative an extra dimension. Ms
Childs focuses on Thomas Johnson, a
Yorkshireborn apothecary and herbalist,
who had once hoped to locate and label ev
ery indigenous plant in England and
Wales. The breaking of such lives and
communities makes poignant reading.
Forced to take sides amid their era’s
tyrannical certainties, Johnson and others
fled parliamentary London, itself expect
ing to be besieged, only to end up immured
in Basing House. “Let cursed neutrality go
to hell,” a preacher urged Cromwell’s men
before the final attack.
Ms Childs’s wider subject, then, is what
happens to people during civil war: how
quickly and imperceptibly order becomes
chaos, and decency cruelty, even among
friends and neighbours. In other words,
how close to inhumanity humanity always
is. Her focus is local and English,but the
story is human and timeless.n